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Computational models are quantitative representations of systems. By analyzing and comparing the outputs of such models, it is possible to gain a better understanding of the system itself. Though as the complexity of model outputs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Colin G. Cess , Stacey D. Finley

A representation theorem relates different mathematical structures by providing an isomorphism between them: that is, a one-to-one correspondence preserving their original properties. Establishing that the two structures substantially…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Marco B. Caminati , Juliana K. F. Bowles

Large-language models are capable of completing a variety of tasks, but remain unpredictable and intractable. Representation engineering seeks to resolve this problem through a new approach utilizing samples of contrasting inputs to detect…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Lukasz Bartoszcze , Sarthak Munshi , Bryan Sukidi , Jennifer Yen , Zejia Yang , David Williams-King , Linh Le , Kosi Asuzu , Carsten Maple

We propose a binary representation of categorical values using a linear map. This linear representation preserves the neighborhood structure of categorical values. In the context of evolutionary algorithms, it means that every categorical…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Arnaud Berny

We investigate how and to what extent hierarchical relations (e.g., Japan $\subset$ Eastern Asia $\subset$ Asia) are encoded in the internal representations of language models. Building on Linear Relational Concepts, we train linear…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Masaki Sakata , Benjamin Heinzerling , Takumi Ito , Sho Yokoi , Kentaro Inui

How do sequence models represent their decision-making process? Prior work suggests that Othello-playing neural network learned nonlinear models of the board state (Li et al., 2023). In this work, we provide evidence of a closely related…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Neel Nanda , Andrew Lee , Martin Wattenberg

Structures in low-dimensional topology and low-dimensional geometry -- often combined with ideas from (quantum) field theory -- can explain and inspire concepts in algebra and in representation theory and their categorified versions. We…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2015-11-09 Jürgen Fuchs , Christoph Schweigert

By virtue of linguistic compositionality, few syntactic rules and a finite lexicon can generate an unbounded number of sentences. That is, language, though seemingly high-dimensional, can be explained using relatively few degrees of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Jin Hwa Lee , Thomas Jiralerspong , Lei Yu , Yoshua Bengio , Emily Cheng

Linear approximations to the decision boundary of a complex model have become one of the most popular tools for interpreting predictions. In this paper, we study such linear explanations produced either post-hoc by a few recent methods or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-01-31 Maruan Al-Shedivat , Avinava Dubey , Eric P. Xing

We introduce a mathematical framework for the linear representation hypothesis (LRH), which asserts that intermediate layers of language models store features linearly. We separate the hypothesis into two claims: linear representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Nikhil Garg , Jon Kleinberg , Kenny Peng

While linear systems are well-understood, no explicit solution for general nonlinear systems exists. A classical approach to make the understanding of linear system available in the nonlinear setting is to represent a nonlinear system by a…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-12-31 Thomas Breunung , Florian Kogelbauer

The adoption of increasingly complex deep models has fueled an urgent need for insight into how these models make predictions. Counterfactual explanations form a powerful tool for providing actionable explanations to practitioners.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Paraskevas Pegios , Aasa Feragen , Andreas Abildtrup Hansen , Georgios Arvanitidis

Does Large Language Model (LLM) technology suggest a meta-semantic picture i.e. a picture of how words and complex expressions come to have the meaning that they do? One modest approach explores the assumptions that seem to be built into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Jumbly Grindrod

Numbers are a basic part of how humans represent and describe the world around them. As a consequence, learning effective representations of numbers is critical for the success of large language models as they become more integrated into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Raja Marjieh , Veniamin Veselovsky , Thomas L. Griffiths , Ilia Sucholutsky

Probing and enhancing large language models' reasoning capacity remains a crucial open question. Here we re-purpose the reverse dictionary task as a case study to probe LLMs' capacity for conceptual inference. We use in-context learning to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Ningyu Xu , Qi Zhang , Menghan Zhang , Peng Qian , Xuanjing Huang

The mathematical representation of semantics is a key issue for Natural Language Processing (NLP). A lot of research has been devoted to finding ways of representing the semantics of individual words in vector spaces. Distributional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2014-11-13 Karl Moritz Hermann

Deep learning methods capable of handling relational data have proliferated over the last years. In contrast to traditional relational learning methods that leverage first-order logic for representing such data, these deep learning methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-25 Sebastijan Dumancic , Tias Guns , Wannes Meert , Hendrik Blockeel

Learning representations of data is an important problem in statistics and machine learning. While the origin of learning representations can be traced back to factor analysis and multidimensional scaling in statistics, it has become a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-27 Jianwen Xie , Ruiqi Gao , Erik Nijkamp , Song-Chun Zhu , Ying Nian Wu

Identifiability is a desirable property of a statistical model: it implies that the true model parameters may be estimated to any desired precision, given sufficient computational resources and data. We study identifiability in the context…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-09 Geoffrey Roeder , Luke Metz , Diederik P. Kingma

In this article, we present a fresh perspective on language, combining ideas from various sources, but mixed in a new synthesis. As in the minimalist program, the question is whether we can formulate an elegant formalism, a universal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Loe Feijs