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In modern chip design, placement aims at placing millions of circuit modules, which is an essential step that significantly influences power, performance, and area (PPA) metrics. Recently, reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Ke Xue , Ruo-Tong Chen , Xi Lin , Yunqi Shi , Shixiong Kai , Siyuan Xu , Chao Qian

In physical design, human designers typically place macros via trial and error, which is a Markov decision process. Reinforcement learning (RL) methods have demonstrated superhuman performance on the macro placement. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Zixuan Jiang , Ebrahim Songhori , Shen Wang , Anna Goldie , Azalia Mirhoseini , Joe Jiang , Young-Joon Lee , David Z. Pan

In this work, we present a learning-based approach to chip placement, one of the most complex and time-consuming stages of the chip design process. Unlike prior methods, our approach has the ability to learn from past experience and improve…

Chip placement has been one of the most time consuming task in any semi conductor area, Due to this negligence, many projects are pushed and chips availability in real markets get delayed. An engineer placing macros on a chip also needs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Mrinal Mathur

Chip placement is a critical step in physical design. While reinforcement learning (RL)-based methods have recently emerged, their training primarily focuses on wirelength optimization, and therefore often fail to achieve expert-quality…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Ruo-Tong Chen , Ke Xue , Chengrui Gao , Yunqi Shi , Tian Xu , Peng Xie , Siyuan Xu , Mingxuan Yuan , Chao Qian , Zhi-Hua Zhou

We provide an improved assessment of Google Brain's deep reinforcement learning approach to macro placement and its updated Circuit Training (CT) implementation in GitHub. A stronger simulated annealing (SA) baseline leverages the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Chung-Kuan Cheng , Andrew B. Kahng , Sayak Kundu , Yucheng Wang , Zhiang Wang

Due to the increasing complexity of chip design, existing placement methods still have many shortcomings in dealing with macro cells coverage and optimization efficiency. Aiming at the problems of layout overlap, inferior performance, and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Tao Yu , Peng Gao , Fei Wang , Ru-Yue Yuan

For its advantage in GPU acceleration and less dependency on human experts, machine learning has been an emerging tool for solving the placement and routing problems, as two critical steps in modern chip design flow. Being still in its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Ruoyu Cheng , Junchi Yan

Automated placement of components on printed circuit boards (PCBs) is a critical stage in placement layout design. While reinforcement learning (RL) has been successfully applied to system-on-chip IP block placement and chiplet arrangement…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Kart Leong Lim

Physical design and production of Integrated Circuits (IC) is becoming increasingly more challenging as the sophistication in IC technology is steadily increasing. Placement has been one of the most critical steps in IC physical design.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Dhruv Vashisht , Harshit Rampal , Haiguang Liao , Yang Lu , Devika Shanbhag , Elias Fallon , Levent Burak Kara

Placement Optimization is an important problem in systems and chip design, which consists of mapping the nodes of a graph onto a limited set of resources to optimize for an objective, subject to constraints. In this paper, we start by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-20 Anna Goldie , Azalia Mirhoseini

Placement is an essential task in modern chip design, aiming at placing millions of circuit modules on a 2D chip canvas. Unlike the human-centric solution, which requires months of intense effort by hardware engineers to produce a layout to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Yao Lai , Yao Mu , Ping Luo

There is a set of rectangular macros with given dimensions, and there are wires connecting some pairs (or sets) of them. We have a placement area where these macros should be placed without overlaps in order to minimize the total length of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-09-08 Endre Csóka , Attila Deák

This study focuses on the development of reinforcement learning based techniques for the design of microelectronic components under multiphysics constraints. While traditional design approaches based on global optimization approaches are…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Siddharth Nair , Timothy F. Walsh , Greg Pickrell , Fabio Semperlotti

Despite the numerous advances, reinforcement learning remains away from widespread acceptance for autonomous controller design as compared to classical methods due to lack of ability to effectively tackle the reality gap. The reliance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Narendra Patwardhan , Zequn Wang

Reinforcement Learning is a mature technology, often suggested as a potential route towards Artificial General Intelligence, with the ambitious goal of replicating the wide range of abilities found in natural and artificial intelligence,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Markus D. Solbach , John K. Tsotsos

Placement is a critical step in modern chip design, aiming to determine the positions of circuit modules on the chip canvas. Recent works have shown that reinforcement learning (RL) can improve human performance in chip placement. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Yao Lai , Jinxin Liu , Zhentao Tang , Bin Wang , Jianye Hao , Ping Luo

Autonomous navigation in complex and partially observable environments remains a central challenge in robotics. Several bio-inspired models of mapping and navigation based on place cells in the mammalian hippocampus have been proposed. This…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Bekarys Dukenbaev , Andrew Gerstenslager , Alexander Johnson , Ali A. Minai

Close and precise placement of irregularly shaped objects requires a skilled robotic system. The manipulation of objects that have sensitive top surfaces and a fixed set of neighbors is particularly challenging. To avoid damaging the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Benedikt Kreis , Nils Dengler , Jorge de Heuvel , Rohit Menon , Hamsa Perur , Maren Bennewitz

This paper introduces new perspectives on analog design space search. To minimize the time-to-market, this endeavor better cast as constraint satisfaction problem than global optimization defined in prior arts. We incorporate model-based…

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