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High-Level Synthesis (HLS) plays a crucial role in modern hardware design by transforming high-level code into optimized hardware implementations. However, progress in applying machine learning (ML) to HLS optimization has been hindered by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Zedong Peng , Zeju Li , Mingzhe Gao , Qiang Xu , Chen Zhang , Jieru Zhao

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) enables hardware design from C/C++ kernels but requires extensive transformations, such as restructuring code, inserting pragmas, adapting data types, and repairing non-synthesizable constructs, to achieve…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Qingyun Zou , Nuo Chen , Yao Chen , Bingsheng He , WengFei Wong

FPGA programming is more complex as compared to Central Processing Units (CPUs) and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). The coding languages to define the abstraction of Register Transfer Level (RTL) in High Level Synthesis (HLS) for FPGA…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Rourab Paul , Alberto Ottimo , Marco Danelutto

High-level synthesis (HLS) is a design flow that leverages modern language features and flexibility, such as complex data structures, inheritance, templates, etc., to prototype hardware designs rapidly. However, exploring various design…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Md Rubel Ahmed , Toshiaki Koike-Akino , Kieran Parsons , Ye Wang

Hardware synthesis is a general term used to refer to the processes involved in automatically generating a hardware design from its specification. High-level synthesis (HLS) could be defined as the translation from a behavioral description…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-05-07 Issam Damaj

The growing proliferation of FPGAs and High-level Synthesis (HLS) tools has led to a large interest in designing hardware accelerators for complex operations and algorithms. However, existing HLS toolflows typically require a significant…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Benjamin Biggs , Ian McInerney , Eric C. Kerrigan , George A. Constantinides

Machine Learning (ML) has been widely adopted in design exploration using high level synthesis (HLS) to give a better and faster performance, and resource and power estimation at very early stages for FPGA-based design. To perform…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Zhigang Wei , Aman Arora , Ruihao Li , Lizy K. John

Large language models (LLMs) have catalyzed an upsurge in automatic code generation, garnering significant attention for register transfer level (RTL) code generation. Despite the potential of RTL code generation with natural language, it…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Chenwei Xiong , Cheng Liu , Huawei Li , Xiaowei Li

FPGAs are increasingly adopted in datacenter environments for their reconfigurability and energy efficiency. High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools have eased FPGA programming by raising the abstraction level from RTL to untimed C/C++, yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Neha Prakriya , Zijian Ding , Yizhou Sun , Jason Cong

C/C++/OpenCL-based high-level synthesis (HLS) becomes more and more popular for field-programmable gate array (FPGA) accelerators in many application domains in recent years, thanks to its competitive quality of results (QoR) and short…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Yuze Chi , Licheng Guo , Jason Lau , Young-kyu Choi , Jie Wang , Jason Cong

Recent years have witnessed the growing popularity of domain-specific accelerators (DSAs), such as Google's TPUs, for accelerating various applications such as deep learning, search, autonomous driving, etc. To facilitate DSA designs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Yunsheng Bai , Atefeh Sohrabizadeh , Zongyue Qin , Ziniu Hu , Yizhou Sun , Jason Cong

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) is emerging as a mainstream design methodology, allowing software designers to enjoy the benefits of a hardware implementation. Significant work has led to effective compilers that produce high-quality hardware…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-08-28 Jeffrey Goeders , Steven J. E. Wilton

FPGAs excel in low power and high throughput computations, but they are challenging to program. Traditionally, developers rely on hardware description languages like Verilog or VHDL to specify the hardware behavior at the register-transfer…

High-level synthesis (HLS) is a key component for the hardware acceleration of applications, especially thanks to the diffusion of reconfigurable devices in many domains, from data centers to edge devices. HLS reduces development times by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Christian Pilato , Francesco Regazzoni

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) improves IC development productivity by enabling hardware design from C-like languages. However, strict coding constraints and design-specific optimizations limit its widespread adoption. While recent efforts…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Runkai Li , Jia Xiong , Xiuyuan He , Jieru Zhao , Jiaqi Lv , Haowen Fang , Lei Qi , Xi Wang

FPGA technology can offer significantly hi\-gher performance at much lower power consumption than is available from CPUs and GPUs in many computational problems. Unfortunately, programming for FPGA (using ha\-rdware description languages,…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-10-01 Artur Gramacki , Marek Sawerwain , Jarosław Gramacki

High Level Synthesis (HLS) tools, like the Intel FPGA SDK for OpenCL, improve design productivity and enable efficient design space exploration guided by simple program directives (pragmas), but may sometimes miss important optimizations…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Adel Ejjeh , Vikram Adve , Rob Rutenbar

High-level synthesis (HLS) is a widely used tool in designing Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). HLS enables FPGA design with software programming languages by compiling the source code into an FPGA circuit. The source code includes a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Weikai Li , Ding Wang , Zijian Ding , Atefeh Sohrabizadeh , Zongyue Qin , Jason Cong , Yizhou Sun

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) frameworks allow to easily specify a large number of variants of the same hardware design by only acting on optimization directives. Nonetheless, the hardware synthesis of implementations for all possible…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Lorenzo Ferretti , Jihye Kwon , Giovanni Ansaloni , Giuseppe Di Guglielmo , Luca Carloni , Laura Pozzi

In today's rapidly evolving field of electronic design automation (EDA), the complexity of hardware designs is increasing, necessitating more sophisticated automation solutions. High-level synthesis (HLS), as a pivotal solution, automates…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-08-06 M Zafir Sadik Khan , Nowfel Mashnoor , Mohammad Akyash , Kimia Azar , Hadi Kamali