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Though Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have recently achieved significant progress, they often struggle to understand diverse and complicated inter-object relations. Specifically, the lack of large-scale and high-quality relation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Jiahao Nie , Gongjie Zhang , Wenbin An , Yun Xing , Yap-Peng Tan , Alex C. Kot , Shijian Lu

Building robots that can perceive, reason, and act in dynamic, unstructured environments remains a core challenge. Recent embodied systems often adopt a dual-system paradigm, where System 2 handles high-level reasoning while System 1…

The adoption of large language models (LLMs) to assist clinicians has attracted remarkable attention. Existing works mainly adopt the close-ended question-answering (QA) task with answer options for evaluation. However, many clinical…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in many different domains, but because of their limited interpretability, there are questions about how trustworthy they are in various perspectives, e.g., truthfulness and toxicity. Recent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Xuan Xie , Jiayang Song , Yuheng Huang , Da Song , Fuyuan Zhang , Felix Juefei-Xu , Lei Ma

This survey and application guide to multimodal large language models(MLLMs) explores the rapidly developing field of MLLMs, examining their architectures, applications, and impact on AI and Generative Models. Starting with foundational…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Chia Xin Liang , Pu Tian , Caitlyn Heqi Yin , Yao Yua , Wei An-Hou , Li Ming , Xinyuan Song , Tianyang Wang , Ziqian Bi , Ming Liu

As language models (LMs) become capable of handling a wide range of tasks, their evaluation is becoming as challenging as their development. Most generation benchmarks currently assess LMs using abstract evaluation criteria like helpfulness…

The comprehension of text-rich visual scenes has become a focal point for evaluating Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) due to their widespread applications. Current benchmarks tailored to the scenario emphasize perceptual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Bin Shan , Xiang Fei , Wei Shi , An-Lan Wang , Guozhi Tang , Lei Liao , Jingqun Tang , Xiang Bai , Can Huang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have revolutionized numerous research fields, including computer vision and affective computing. As a pivotal challenge in this interdisciplinary domain, facial expression recognition (FER) has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Fan Zhang , Haoxuan Li , Shengju Qian , Xin Wang , Zheng Lian , Hao Wu , Zhihong Zhu , Yuan Gao , Qiankun Li , Yefeng Zheng , Zhouchen Lin , Pheng-Ann Heng

The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has enhanced the ability to generalize across a wide range of unseen natural language processing (NLP) tasks through instruction-following. Yet, their effectiveness often diminishes in…

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to evolve, evaluating them remains a persistent challenge. Many recent evaluations use LLMs as judges to score outputs from other LLMs, often relying on a single large model like GPT-4o. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Justin Zhao , Flor Miriam Plaza-del-Arco , Benjamin Genchel , Amanda Cercas Curry

Spatial cognition is fundamental to real-world multimodal intelligence, allowing models to effectively interact with the physical environment. While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant strides, existing benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Peiran Xu , Sudong Wang , Yao Zhu , Jianing Li , Gege Qi , Yunjian Zhang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have displayed remarkable performance in multi-modal tasks, particularly in visual comprehension. However, we reveal that MLLMs often generate incorrect answers even when they understand the visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Yexin Liu , Zhengyang Liang , Yueze Wang , Xianfeng Wu , Feilong Tang , Muyang He , Jian Li , Zheng Liu , Harry Yang , Sernam Lim , Bo Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance on diverse benchmarks, yet existing evaluation practices largely rely on coarse summary metrics that obscure underlying reasoning abilities. In this work, we propose novel…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-17 Jia Liu , Zhiyu Xu , Yuqi Gu

Behavioral model diagrams, e.g., sequence diagrams, are an essential form of documentation that are typically designed by system engineers from requirements documentation, either fully manually or assisted by design tools. With the growing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Khaled Ahmed , Jialing Song , Boqi Chen , Ou Wei , Bingzhou Zheng

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) hold significant potential in medical applications, including disease diagnosis and clinical decision-making. However, these tasks require highly accurate, context-sensitive, and professionally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Meidan Ding , Jipeng Zhang , Wenxuan Wang , Cheng-Yi Li , Wei-Chieh Fang , Hsin-Yu Wu , Haiqin Zhong , Wenting Chen , Linlin Shen

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have emerged to tackle the challenges of Visual Question Answering (VQA), sparking a new research focus on conducting objective evaluations of these models. Existing evaluation methods face…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Qihui Zhang , Munan Ning , Zheyuan Liu , Yanbo Wang , Jiayi Ye , Yue Huang , Shuo Yang , Xiao Chen , Yibing Song , Li Yuan

Large language models and vision-language models (which we jointly call LMs) have transformed NLP and CV, demonstrating remarkable potential across various fields. However, their capabilities in affective analysis (i.e. sentiment analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Zhiwei Liu , Lingfei Qian , Qianqian Xie , Jimin Huang , Kailai Yang , Sophia Ananiadou

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated proficiency in handling a variety of visual-language tasks. However, current MLLM benchmarks are predominantly designed to evaluate reasoning based on static information about a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Xiyao Wang , Yuhang Zhou , Xiaoyu Liu , Hongjin Lu , Yuancheng Xu , Feihong He , Jaehong Yoon , Taixi Lu , Gedas Bertasius , Mohit Bansal , Huaxiu Yao , Furong Huang