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Blockchain sharding improves the scalability of blockchain systems by partitioning the whole blockchain state, nodes, and transaction workloads into different shards. However, existing blockchain sharding systems generally suffer from a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-23 You Lin , Mingzhe Li , Jin Zhang

Existing permissioned blockchain systems designate a fixed and explicit group of committee nodes to run a consensus protocol that confirms the same sequence of blocks among all nodes. Unfortunately, when such a permissioned blockchain runs…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Xusheng Chen , Shixiong Zhao , Ji Qi , Jianyu Jiang , Haoze Song , Cheng Wang , Tsz On Li , T. -H. Hubert Chan , Fengwei Zhang , Xiapu Luo , Sen Wang , Gong Zhang , Heming Cui

Proof of Stake (PoS) blockchains offer promising alternatives to traditional Proof of Work (PoW) systems, providing scalability and energy efficiency. However, blockchains operate in a decentralized manner and the network is composed of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Faisal Haque Bappy , Tariqul Islam , Kamrul Hasan , Md Sajidul Islam Sajid , Mir Mehedi Ahsan Pritom

Blockchain Sharding is a blockchain performance enhancement approach. By splitting a blockchain into several parallel-run committees (shards), it helps increase transaction throughput, reduce computational resources required, and increase…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Yibin Xu , Jianhua Shao , Yangyu Huang , Tijs Slaats , Boris Düdder

Blockchain technology facilitates the development of decentralized systems that ensure trust and transparency without the need for expensive centralized intermediaries. However, existing blockchain architectures particularly consortium…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Qi Xia , Hu Xia , Isaac Amankona Obiri , Adjei-Arthur Bonsu , Grace Mupoyi Ntuala , Ansu Badjie , Tienin Bole Wilfried , Jiaqin Liu , Lan Ma , Jianbin Gao , Feng Yao

Low transaction throughput and poor scalability are significant issues in public blockchain consensus protocols such as Bitcoins. Recent research efforts in this direction have proposed shard-based consensus protocols where the key idea is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Mohammad Hossein Manshaei , Murtuza Jadliwala , Anindya Maiti , Mahdi Fooladgar

Propelled by the growth of large-scale blockchain deployments, much recent progress has been made in designing sharding protocols that achieve throughput scaling linearly in the number of nodes. However, existing protocols are not robust to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Ranvir Rana , Sreeram Kannan , David Tse , Pramod Viswanath

Blockchain databases have attracted widespread attention but suffer from poor scalability due to underlying non-scalable blockchains. While blockchain sharding is necessary for a scalable blockchain database, it poses a new challenge named…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Zicong Hong , Song Guo , Enyuan Zhou , Wuhui Chen , Huawei Huang , Albert Zomaya

Applications of blockchain technologies got a lot of attention in recent years. They exceed beyond exchanging value and being a substitute for fiat money and traditional banking system. Nevertheless, being able to exchange value on a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-22 Michal Ostapowicz , Kamil Żbikowski

Traditional Blockchain Sharding approaches can only tolerate up to n/3 of nodes being adversary because they rely on the hypergeometric distribution to make a failure (an adversary does not have n/3 of nodes globally but can manipulate the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Yibin Xu , Yangyu Huang

Blockchain technology has been gaining great interest from a variety of sectors, including healthcare, supply chain and cryptocurrencies. However, Blockchain suffers from its limited ability to scale (i.e. low throughput and high latency).…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Abdelatif Hafid , Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid , Adil Senhaji

Blockchain like Bitcoin and Ethereum suffer from scalability issues. Sharding is one of the most promising and leading solutions to scale blockchain. The basic idea behind sharding is to divide the blockchain network into multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-16 Hafid Abdelatif , Senhaji Hafid Abdelhakim , Samih Mustapha

In today's blockchain system, designing a secure and high throughput blockchain on par with a centralized payment system is a difficult task. Sharding is one of the most worthwhile emerging technologies for improving the system throughput…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Chenyu Huang , Zeyu Wang , Huangxun Chen , Qiwei Hu , Qian Zhang , Wei Wang , Xia Guan

Coded blockchains have acquired prominence as a promising solution to reduce storage costs and facilitate scalability. Within this class, Luby Transform (LT) coded blockchains are an appealing choice for scalability owing to the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Harikrishnan K. , J. Harshan , Anwitaman Datta

Blockchain's decentralization, transparency, and tamper-resistance properties have facilitated the system's use in various application fields. However, the low throughput and high confirmation latency hinder the widespread adoption of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Md Mohaimin Al Barat , Shaoyu Li , Changlai Du , Y. Thomas Hou , Wenjing Lou

Sharding has emerged as one of the common techniques to address the scalability problems of blockchain systems. To this end, various sharding techniques for blockchain systems have been proposed in the literature. When sharded blockchains…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Narasimha Raghavan Veeraragavan , Kaiwen Zhang

We present TRAIL: an algorithm that uses a novel consensus procedure to tolerate failed or malicious shards within a blockchain-based cryptocurrency. Our algorithm takes a new approach of selecting validator shards for each transaction from…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Mitch Jacovetty , Joseph Oglio , Mikhail Nesterenko , Gokarna Sharma

Scalability remains one of the biggest challenges to the adoption of permissioned blockchain technologies for large-scale deployments. Permissioned blockchains typically exhibit low latencies, compared to permissionless deployments --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Giorgia Azzurra Marson , Sebastien Andreina , Lorenzo Alluminio , Konstantin Munichev , Ghassan Karame

Our work focuses on the design of a scalable permissionless blockchain in the proof-of-stake setting. In particular, we use a distributed hash table as a building block to set up randomized shards, and then leverage the sharded architecture…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-07-12 Antoine Durand , Emmanuelle Anceaume , Romaric Ludinard

We consider the problem of varying the security of blockchain transactions according to their importance. This adaptive security is achieved by using variable size consensus committees. To improve performance, such committees function…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-08-01 Shishir Rai , Kendric Hood , Mikhail Nesterenko , Gokarna Sharma