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Consider estimation of average treatment effects with multi-valued treatments using augmented inverse probability weighted (IPW) estimators, depending on outcome regression and propensity score models in high-dimensional settings. These…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-01-25 Wenfu Xu , Zhiqiang Tan

This paper develops methods for estimating the natural direct and indirect effects in causal mediation analysis. The efficient influence function-based estimator (EIF-based estimator) and the inverse probability weighting estimator (IPW…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-11 Kentaro Kawato

Case-control studies are designed towards studying associations between risk factors and a single, primary outcome. Information about additional, secondary outcomes is also collected, but association studies targeting such secondary…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-07-17 Tamar Sofer , Marilyn C. Cornelis , Peter Kraft , Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen

A sample covariance matrix $\boldsymbol{S}$ of completely observed data is the key statistic in a large variety of multivariate statistical procedures, such as structured covariance/precision matrix estimation, principal component analysis,…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-04-20 Seongoh Park , Xinlei Wang , Johan Lim

Win measures, including the win ratio (WR), win odds (WO), net benefit (NB), and desirability of outcome ranking (DOOR), are increasingly used in randomized clinical trials with multiple hierarchical ordinal endpoints. In practice, however,…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-27 Yi Liu , Huiman Barnhart , Sean O'Brien , Yuliya Lokhnygina , Roland A. Matsouaka

Causal inference is only valid when its underlying assumptions are satisfied, one of the most central being the ignorability or unconfoundedness assumption. However, this hypothesis is often unrealistic in observational studies, as some…

The Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon rank sum test (MWWRST) is a widely used method for comparing two treatment groups in randomized control trials, particularly when dealing with highly skewed data. However, when applied to observational study data,…

The inverse probability weighting (IPW) is broadly utilized to address missing data problems including causal inference but may suffer from large variances and biases due to propensity score model misspecification. To solve these problems,…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-05 Hiroto Katsumata

Confounding control is crucial and yet challenging for causal inference based on observational studies. Under the typical unconfoundness assumption, augmented inverse probability weighting (AIPW) has been popular for estimating the average…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-27 Eunah Cho , Shu Yang

The inverse probability weighting (IPW) method is used to handle attrition in association analyses derived from cohort studies. It consists in weighting the respondents at a given follow-up by their inverse probability to participate.…

Applications · Statistics 2021-05-05 Marie-Astrid Metten , Nathalie Costet , J. -F. Viel , Guillaume Chauvet

We develop new methods to integrate experimental and observational data in causal inference. While randomized controlled trials offer strong internal validity, they are often costly and therefore limited in sample size. Observational data,…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-11-04 Xuelin Yang , Licong Lin , Susan Athey , Michael I. Jordan , Guido W. Imbens

We study off-policy evaluation in the setting of contextual bandits, where we aim to evaluate a new policy using historical data that consists of contexts, actions and received rewards. This historical data typically does not faithfully…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Rong J. B. Zhu

Robot data collected in complex real-world scenarios are often biased due to safety concerns, human preferences, and mission or platform constraints. Consequently, robot learning from such observational data poses great challenges for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Junhong Xu , Kai Yin , Jason M. Gregory , Lantao Liu

Estimating conditional average treatment effects (CATE) from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and generalizing them to broader populations is essential for personalizing treatment rules but is complicated by selection bias due to trial…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-15 Rikuta Hamaya , Etsuji Suzuki , Konan Hara

With continuous outcomes, the average causal effect is typically defined using a contrast of expected potential outcomes. However, in the presence of skewed outcome data, the expectation may no longer be meaningful. In practice the typical…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-06 Daisy A. Shepherd , Benjamin R. Baer , Margarita Moreno-Betancur

Inverse probability weighting (IPW) is a general tool in survey sampling and causal inference, used both in Horvitz-Thompson estimators, which normalize by the sample size, and H\'ajek/self-normalized estimators, which normalize by the sum…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-13 Samir Khan , Johan Ugander

Inverse probability weighting (IPW) methods are commonly used to analyze non-ignorable missing data under the assumption of a logistic model for the missingness probability. However, solving IPW equations numerically may involve…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-24 Pengfei Li , Jing Qin , Yukun Liu

In this paper, I try to tame "Basu's elephants" (data with extreme selection on observables). I propose new practical large-sample and finite-sample methods for estimating and inferring heterogeneous causal effects (under unconfoundedness)…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-01-20 Ganesh Karapakula

In biomedical studies, estimating drug effects on chronic diseases requires a long follow-up period, which is difficult to meet in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). The use of a short-term surrogate to replace the long-term outcome for…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-27 Wenjie Hu , Xiaohua Zhou , Peng Wu

The linear regression model is widely used in the biomedical and social sciences as well as in policy and business research to adjust for covariates and estimate the average effects of treatments. Behind every causal inference endeavor…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-23 Ambarish Chattopadhyay , Noah Greifer , Jose R. Zubizarreta