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In this paper we introduce the Frechet Music Distance (FMD), a novel evaluation metric for generative symbolic music models, inspired by the Frechet Inception Distance (FID) in computer vision and Frechet Audio Distance (FAD) in generative…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Jan Retkowski , Jakub Stępniak , Mateusz Modrzejewski

We propose the Fr\'echet Audio Distance (FAD), a novel, reference-free evaluation metric for music enhancement algorithms. We demonstrate how typical evaluation metrics for speech enhancement and blind source separation can fail to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-01-18 Kevin Kilgour , Mauricio Zuluaga , Dominik Roblek , Matthew Sharifi

Although being widely adopted for evaluating generated audio signals, the Fr\'echet Audio Distance (FAD) suffers from significant limitations, including reliance on Gaussian assumptions, sensitivity to sample size, and high computational…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Yoonjin Chung , Pilsun Eu , Junwon Lee , Keunwoo Choi , Juhan Nam , Ben Sangbae Chon

This paper explores whether considering alternative domain-specific embeddings to calculate the Fr\'echet Audio Distance (FAD) metric can help the FAD to correlate better with perceptual ratings of environmental sounds. We used embeddings…

The complex nature of musical emotion introduces inherent bias in both recognition and generation, particularly when relying on a single audio encoder, emotion classifier, or evaluation metric. In this work, we conduct a study on Music…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-01 Yuanchao Li , Azalea Gui , Dimitra Emmanouilidou , Hannes Gamper

An increasing number of generative music models can be conditioned on an audio prompt that serves as musical context for which the model is to create an accompaniment (often further specified using a text prompt). Evaluation of how well…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Maarten Grachten

Fr\'echet Audio Distance (FAD) is the de facto standard for evaluating text-to-audio generation, yet its scores depend on the underlying encoder's embedding space. An encoder's training task dictates which acoustic features are preserved or…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-02 Wonwoo Jeong

The success of deep learning-based generative models in producing realistic images, videos, and audios has led to a crucial consideration: how to effectively assess the quality of synthetic samples. While the Fr\'{e}chet Inception Distance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Yang Chen , Dustin J. Kempton , Rafal A. Angryk

Despite significant recent advances in generative acoustic text-to-music (TTM) modeling, robust evaluation of these models lags behind, relying in particular on the popular Fr\'echet Audio Distance (FAD). In this work, we rigorously study…

Neural audio codecs (NACs) achieve low-bitrate compression by learning compact audio representations, which can also serve as features for perceptual quality evaluation. We introduce DACe, an enhanced, higher-fidelity version of the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-23 Arijit Biswas , Lars Villemoes

Evaluating generative models remains a fundamental challenge, particularly when the goal is to reflect human preferences. In this paper, we use music generation as a case study to investigate the gap between automatic evaluation metrics and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-01 Huan Zhang , Jinhua Liang , Huy Phan , Wenwu Wang , Emmanouil Benetos

Recent advances in generative modeling have led to an increased interest in the study of statistical divergences as means of model comparison. Commonly used evaluation methods, such as the Frechet Inception Distance (FID), correlate well…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-30 Mehdi S. M. Sajjadi , Olivier Bachem , Mario Lucic , Olivier Bousquet , Sylvain Gelly

Generative adversarial networks or GANs are a type of generative modeling framework. GANs involve a pair of neural networks engaged in a competition in iteratively creating fake data, indistinguishable from the real data. One notable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Eric J. Nunn , Pejman Khadivi , Shadrokh Samavi

Music source separation aims to extract individual sound sources (e.g., vocals, drums, guitar) from a mixed music recording. However, evaluating the quality of separated audio remains challenging, as commonly used metrics like the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-01 Noah Jaffe , John Ashley Burgoyne

As with many machine learning problems, the progress of image generation methods hinges on good evaluation metrics. One of the most popular is the Frechet Inception Distance (FID). FID estimates the distance between a distribution of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Sadeep Jayasumana , Srikumar Ramalingam , Andreas Veit , Daniel Glasner , Ayan Chakrabarti , Sanjiv Kumar

This paper shows that two commonly used evaluation metrics for generative models, the Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) and the Inception Score (IS), are biased -- the expected value of the score computed for a finite sample set is not the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Min Jin Chong , David Forsyth

Objective evaluation of synthetic speech quality remains a critical challenge. Human listening tests are the gold standard, but costly and impractical at scale. Fr\'echet Distance has emerged as a promising alternative, yet its reliability…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-30 June-Woo Kim , Dhruv Agarwal , Federica Cerina

Implicit generative models, which do not return likelihood values, such as generative adversarial networks and diffusion models, have become prevalent in recent years. While it is true that these models have shown remarkable results,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Eyal Betzalel , Coby Penso , Aviv Navon , Ethan Fetaya

Metrics for evaluating generative models aim to measure the discrepancy between real and generated images. The often-used Frechet Inception Distance (FID) metric, for example, extracts "high-level" features using a deep network from the two…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Gaurav Parmar , Richard Zhang , Jun-Yan Zhu

Evaluation of musical source separation (MSS) has traditionally relied on Blind Source Separation Evaluation (BSS-Eval) metrics. However, recent work suggests that BSS-Eval metrics exhibit low correlation between metrics and perceptual…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-23 Paul A. Bereuter , Alois Sontacchi
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