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Real-time safety metrics are important for the automated driving system (ADS) to assess the risk of driving situations and to assist the decision-making. Although a number of real-time safety metrics have been proposed in the literature,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Xintao Yan , Shuo Feng , David J. LeBlanc , Carol Flannagan , Henry X. Liu

The growing reliance on software in road vehicles has led to the emergence of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDV). This work analyzes SDV security and privacy through a systematic literature review complemented by an industry questionnaire…

Reconstructing 3D vehicles from noisy and sparse partial point clouds is of great significance to autonomous driving. Most existing 3D reconstruction methods cannot be directly applied to this problem because they are elaborately designed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Yibo Liu , Kelly Zhu , Guile Wu , Yuan Ren , Bingbing Liu , Yang Liu , Jinjun Shan

While autonomous vehicle (AV) technology has shown substantial progress, we still lack tools for rigorous and scalable testing. Real-world testing, the $\textit{de-facto}$ evaluation method, is dangerous to the public. Moreover, due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Justin Norden , Matthew O'Kelly , Aman Sinha

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are mostly reliant on LiDAR sensors which enable spatial perception of their surroundings and help make driving decisions. Recent works demonstrated attacks that aim to hide objects from AV perception, which can…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Zhongyuan Hau , Soteris Demetriou , Emil C. Lupu

Simulation systems have become an essential component in the development and validation of autonomous driving technologies. The prevailing state-of-the-art approach for simulation is to use game engines or high-fidelity computer graphics…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Wei Li , Chengwei Pan , Rong Zhang , Jiaping Ren , Yuexin Ma , Jin Fang , Feilong Yan , Qichuan Geng , Xinyu Huang , Huajun Gong , Weiwei Xu , Guoping Wang , Dinesh Manocha , Ruigang Yang

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) use natural images and videos as input to understand the real world by overlaying and inferring digital elements, facilitating proactive detection in an effort to assure safety. A crucial aspect of this process is…

As autonomous vehicles edge closer to widespread adoption, enhancing road safety through collision avoidance and minimization of collateral damage becomes imperative. Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technologies, which include…

Driver models play a vital role in developing and verifying autonomous vehicles (AVs). Previously, they are mainly applied in traffic flow simulation to model driver behavior. With the development of AVs, driver models attract much…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Cheng Wang , Fengwei Guo , Ruilin Yu , Luyao Wang , Yuxin Zhang

Simulation is crucial in the development of autonomous driving software. In particular, assessing control algorithms requires an accurate vehicle dynamics simulation. However, recent publications use models with varying levels of detail.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Simon Sagmeister , Panagiotis Kounatidis , Sven Goblirsch , Markus Lienkamp

3D virtual simulation, which generates diversified test scenarios and tests full-stack of Autonomous Driving Systems (ADSes) modules dynamically as a whole, is a promising approach for Safety of The Intended Functionality (SOTIF) ADS…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Lehang Li , Haokuan Wu , Botao Yao , Tianyu He , Shuohan Huang , Chuanyi Liu

Simulation-based testing is a cornerstone of Autonomous Driving System (ADS) development, offering safe and scalable evaluation across diverse driving scenarios. However, discrepancies between simulated and real-world behavior, known as the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Stefano Carlo Lambertenghi , Mirena Flores Valdez , Andrea Stocco

Recent advances in high-fidelity simulators have enabled closed-loop training of autonomous driving agents, potentially solving the distribution shift in training v.s. deployment and allowing training to be scaled both safely and cheaply.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Chris Zhang , Runsheng Guo , Wenyuan Zeng , Yuwen Xiong , Binbin Dai , Rui Hu , Mengye Ren , Raquel Urtasun

Simulation-based testing remains the main approach for validating Autonomous Driving Systems. We propose a rigorous test method based on breaking down scenarios into simple ones, taking into account the fact that autopilots make decisions…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Changwen Li , Joseph Sifakis , Rongjie Yan , Jian Zhang

Many organizations are developing autonomous driving systems, which are expected to be deployed at a large scale in the near future. Despite this, there is a lack of agreement on appropriate methods to test, debug, and certify the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-01-09 Cumhur Erkan Tuncali , Georgios Fainekos , Hisahiro Ito , James Kapinski

Simulation plays a crucial role in the rapid development and safe deployment of autonomous vehicles. Realistic traffic agent models are indispensable for bridging the gap between simulation and the real world. Many existing approaches for…

In the past few decades, autonomous driving algorithms have made significant progress in perception, planning, and control. However, evaluating individual components does not fully reflect the performance of entire systems, highlighting the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Hongyu Zhou , Longzhong Lin , Jiabao Wang , Yichong Lu , Dongfeng Bai , Bingbing Liu , Yue Wang , Andreas Geiger , Yiyi Liao

The autonomous valet parking (AVP) functionality in self-driving vehicles is currently capable of handling most simple parking tasks. However, further training is necessary to enable the AVP algorithm to adapt to complex scenarios and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-21 Wenjin Li

Driving simulation plays a crucial role in developing reliable driving agents by providing controlled, evaluative environments. To enable meaningful assessments, a high-quality driving simulator must satisfy several key requirements:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Junzhe Jiang , Nan Song , Jingyu Li , Xiatian Zhu , Li Zhang

With the development of autonomous driving, it is becoming increasingly common for autonomous vehicles (AVs) and human-driven vehicles (HVs) to travel on the same roads. Existing single-vehicle planning algorithms on board struggle to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Licheng Wen , Pinlong Cai , Daocheng Fu , Song Mao , Yikang Li