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Independent component analysis (ICA) has become a standard data analysis technique applied to an array of problems in signal processing and machine learning. This tutorial provides an introduction to ICA based on linear algebra formulating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-04-14 Jonathon Shlens

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a powerful tool for decomposing a multivariate signal or distribution into fully independent sources, not just uncorrelated ones. Unfortunately, most approaches to ICA are not robust against outliers.…

Computation · Statistics 2025-05-15 Sarah Leyder , Jakob Raymaekers , Peter J. Rousseeuw , Tom Van Deuren , Tim Verdonck

Representation learning models exhibit a surprising stability in their internal representations. Whereas most prior work treats this stability as a single property, we formalize it as two distinct concepts: statistical identifiability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Walter Nelson , Marco Fumero , Theofanis Karaletsos , Francesco Locatello

We are interested in consistent estimation of the mixing matrix in the ICA model, when the error distribution is close to (but different from) Gaussian. In particular, we consider $n$ independent samples from the ICA model $X = A\epsilon$,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-08-26 Alexander Sokol , Marloes H. Maathuis , Benjamin Falkeborg

We consider the identifiability theory of probabilistic models and establish sufficient conditions under which the representations learned by a very broad family of conditional energy-based models are unique in function space, up to a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-27 Ilyes Khemakhem , Ricardo Pio Monti , Diederik P. Kingma , Aapo Hyvärinen

We introduce coroICA, confounding-robust independent component analysis, a novel ICA algorithm which decomposes linearly mixed multivariate observations into independent components that are corrupted (and rendered dependent) by hidden…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-31 Niklas Pfister , Sebastian Weichwald , Peter Bühlmann , Bernhard Schölkopf

A core task in multi-modal learning is to integrate information from multiple feature spaces (e.g., text and audio), offering modality-invariant essential representations of data. Recent research showed that, classical tools such as {\it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Subash Timilsina , Sagar Shrestha , Xiao Fu

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) - one of the basic tools in data analysis - aims to find a coordinate system in which the components of the data are independent. Most of existing methods are based on the minimization of the function of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-02-01 Przemysław Spurek , Jacek Tabor , Przemysław Rola , Michał Ociepka

While hidden class models of various types arise in many statistical applications, it is often difficult to establish the identifiability of their parameters. Focusing on models in which there is some structure of independence of some of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2009-09-01 Elizabeth S. Allman , Catherine Matias , John A. Rhodes

The brain effortlessly solves blind source separation (BSS) problems, but the algorithm it uses remains elusive. In signal processing, linear BSS problems are often solved by Independent Component Analysis (ICA). To serve as a model of a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-11-18 Yanis Bahroun , Dmitri B Chklovskii , Anirvan M Sengupta

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is an algorithm originally developed for finding separate sources in a mixed signal, such as a recording of multiple people in the same room speaking at the same time. Unlike Principal Component Analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Tomáš Musil , David Mareček

Independent component analysis (ICA) has been shown to be useful in many applications. However, most ICA methods are sensitive to data contamination and outliers. In this article we introduce a general minimum U-divergence framework for…

Methodology · Statistics 2012-10-23 Peng-Wen Chen , Hung Hung , Osamu Komori , Su-Yun Huang , Shinto Eguchi

We address the problem of distinguishing cause from effect in bivariate setting. Based on recent developments in nonlinear independent component analysis (ICA), we train nonparametrically general nonlinear causal models that allow…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-19 Pengzhou Wu , Kenji Fukumizu

We consider a multi-view learning problem known as group independent component analysis (group ICA), where the goal is to recover shared independent sources from many views. The statistical modeling of this problem requires to take noise…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-23 Hugo Richard , Pierre Ablin , Aapo Hyvärinen , Alexandre Gramfort , Bertrand Thirion

Spatial Independent Components Analysis (ICA) is increasingly used in the context of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to study cognition and brain pathologies. Salient features present in some of the extracted Independent…

Identifiability of statistical models is a key notion in unsupervised representation learning. Recent work of nonlinear independent component analysis (ICA) employs auxiliary data and has established identifiable conditions. This paper…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-31 Hiroaki Sasaki

Cosine similarity is widely used to measure the similarity between two embeddings, while interpretations based on angle and correlation coefficient are common. In this study, we focus on the interpretable axes of embeddings transformed by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Hiroaki Yamagiwa , Momose Oyama , Hidetoshi Shimodaira

We study the classical problem of recovering a multidimensional source signal from observations of nonlinear mixtures of this signal. We show that this recovery is possible (up to a permutation and monotone scaling of the source's original…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-01-18 Alexander Schell , Harald Oberhauser

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a widespread data exploration technique, where observed signals are modeled as linear mixtures of independent components. From a machine learning point of view, it amounts to a matrix factorization…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-05-28 Pierre Ablin , Alexandre Gramfort , Jean-François Cardoso , Francis Bach

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is a statistical method often used to decompose a complex dataset in its independent sub-parts. It is a powerful technique to solve a typical Blind Source Separation problem. A fast calculation of the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 C. Cecchi , F. Marcucci , G. Tosti