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Photons for quantum technologies have been identified early on as a very good candidate for carrying quantum information encoded onto them, either by polarization encoding, time encoding or spatial encoding. Quantum cryptography, quantum…
Astrophysical research into exoplanets has delivered thousands of confirmed planets orbiting distant stars. These planets span a wide ranges of size and composition, with diversity also being the hallmark of system configurations, the great…
Generations of technologies with fundamentally new information processing capabilities will emerge if microscopic physical systems can be controlled to encode, transmit, and process quantum information, at scale and with high fidelity. In…
In recent decades, microwave photonic channelization techniques have developed significantly. Characterized by low loss, high versatility, large instantaneous bandwidth, and immunity to electromagnetic interference, microwave photonic…
The detection and characterization of Earth-like exoplanets around Sun-like stars is a primary science motivation for the Habitable Worlds Observatory. However, the current best technology is not yet advanced enough to reach the 10^-10…
Integrated photonic devices have become pivotal elements across most research fields that involve light-based applications. A particularly versatile category of this technology are programmable photonic integrated processors, which are…
In recent years, a great deal of emphasis has been placed on achieving the diffraction limit with large aperture telescopes. For a well matched focal-plane instrument, the diffraction limit provides the highest possible angular resolution…
Fiber-fed spectrographs dedicated to observing massive portions of the sky are increasingly being more demanded within the astronomical community. For all the fiber-fed instruments, the primordial and common problem is the positioning of…
Nanophotonics provides the ability to rapidly and precisely reconfigure light beams on a compact platform. Infrared nanophotonic devices are widely used in data communications to overcome traditional bandwidth limitations of electrical…
In this Chapter we review the challenges of, and opportunities for, 3D spectroscopy, and how these have lead to new and different approaches to sampling astronomical information. We describe and categorize existing instruments on 4m and 10m…
Prototype optical microscopes, built to pursue developments in advanced imaging techniques, need specific optomechanical constructions: preferably with high flexibility in the elements arrangement, easy access to the optical paths,…
Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) play a pivotal role in many applications. Particularly powerful are circuits based on meshes of reconfigurable Mach-Zehnder interferometers as they enable active processing of light. Various possibilities…
Recently, silicon nitride (Si3N4) photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are of a great interest due to their extremely low waveguides losses. The number of Si3N4 integrated photonics platform applications is constantly growing including the…
Integrated photonics has revolutionized optical communication, sensing, and computation, offering miniaturized and lightweight solutions for spacecraft with limited size and payload. Novel chip-scale instruments based on ultralow-loss…
Nonlinear nanophotonics is a rapidly developing field with many useful applications for a design of nonlinear nanoantennas, light sources, nanolasers, sensors, and ultrafast miniature metadevices. A tight confinement of the local…
We describe and summarize the optical challenges for future instrumentation for Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs). Knowing the complex instrumental requirements is crucial for the successful design of 30-60m aperture telescopes. After all,…
Driven by machine-learning tasks neural networks have demonstrated useful capabilities as nonlinear hypothesis classifiers. The underlying technologies performing the dot product multiplication, the summation, and the nonlinear thresholding…
Photonic chips that integrate guides, switches, gratings and other components, process vast amounts of information rapidly on a single device. A new branch of this technology becomes possible if the light is coupled to cold atoms in a…
Quantum metaphotonics has emerged as a cutting-edge subfield of meta-optics employing subwavelength resonators and their planar structures such as metasurfaces to generate, manipulate, and detect quantum states of light. It holds a great…
Photonics has been one of the primary beneficiaries of advanced silicon manufacturing. By leveraging on mature complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process nodes, unprecedented device uniformities and scalability have been…