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We consider the approximation of a class of dynamic partial differential equations (PDE) of second order in time by the physics-informed neural network (PINN) approach, and provide an error analysis of PINN for the wave equation, the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-03-23 Yanxia Qian , Yongchao Zhang , Yunqing Huang , Suchuan Dong

Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have recently gained popularity for solving partial differential equations, given the fact they escape the curse of dimensionality. In this paper, we present Physics Informed Neural Networks as an…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-07-26 Umberto Zerbinati

Large-scale dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere are governed by primitive equations (PEs). Due to the nonlinearity and nonlocality, the numerical study of the PEs is generally challenging. Neural networks have been shown to be a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-03-21 Ruimeng Hu , Quyuan Lin , Alan Raydan , Sui Tang

Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) are shown to be a promising method for the approximation of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). PINNs approximate the PDE solution by minimizing physics-based loss functions over a given domain.…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-09-13 Shoaib Goraya , Nahil Sobh , Arif Masud

Motivated by recent research on Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs), we make the first attempt to introduce the PINNs for numerical simulation of the elliptic Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) on 3D manifolds. PINNs are one of the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-03-05 Zhuochao Tang , Zhuojia Fu

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have emerged as a promising approach to solving partial differential equations (PDEs) using neural networks, particularly in data-scarce scenarios, due to their unsupervised training capability.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Edgar Torres , Jonathan Schiefer , Mathias Niepert

PDEs arise ubiquitously in science and engineering, where solutions depend on parameters (physical properties, boundary conditions, geometry). Traditional numerical methods require re-solving the PDE for each parameter, making parameter…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-02 Zhuo Zhang , Xiong Xiong , Sen Zhang , Yuan Zhao , Xi Yang

The numerical solution of differential equations using neural networks has become a central topic in scientific computing, with Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) emerging as a powerful paradigm for both forward and inverse problems.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Kazuaki Tanaka , Kohei Yatabe

In recent years, physical informed neural networks (PINNs) have been shown to be a powerful tool for solving PDEs empirically. However, numerical analysis of PINNs is still missing. In this paper, we prove the convergence rate to PINNs for…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-04-13 Yuling Jiao , Yanming Lai , Dingwei Li , Xiliang Lu , Fengru Wang , Yang Wang , Jerry Zhijian Yang

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are a versatile tool in the burgeoning field of scientific machine learning for solving partial differential equations (PDEs). However, determining suitable training strategies for them is not…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-09 Saad Qadeer , Panos Stinis

In recent years, Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have become a representative method for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) with neural networks. PINNs provide a novel approach to solving PDEs through optimization…

Computational Physics · Physics 2024-11-28 Weiwei Zhang , Wei Suo , Jiahao Song , Wenbo Cao

Deep learning models trained on finite data lack a complete understanding of the physical world. On the other hand, physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are infused with such knowledge through the incorporation of mathematically…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Jian Cheng Wong , Abhishek Gupta , Chin Chun Ooi , Pao-Hsiung Chiu , Jiao Liu , Yew-Soon Ong

Complex physical systems are often described by partial differential equations (PDEs) that depend on parameters such as the Reynolds number in fluid mechanics. In applications such as design optimization or uncertainty quantification,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Woojin Cho , Minju Jo , Haksoo Lim , Kookjin Lee , Dongeun Lee , Sanghyun Hong , Noseong Park

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) leverage neural-networks to find the solutions of partial differential equation (PDE)-constrained optimization problems with initial conditions and boundary conditions as soft constraints. These soft…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Rambod Mojgani , Maciej Balajewicz , Pedram Hassanzadeh

We present a unified theoretical framework for analyzing the stability and consistency of Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs), grounded in operator coercivity, variational formulations, and non-asymptotic perturbation theory. PINNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Ronald Katende

Partial differential equations (PDEs) serve as the cornerstone of mathematical physics. In recent years, Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have significantly reduced the dependence on large datasets by embedding physical laws…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Wenxuan Huo , Qiang He , Gang Zhu , Weifeng Huang

A physics-informed neural network (PINN) uses physics-augmented loss functions, e.g., incorporating the residual term from governing partial differential equations (PDEs), to ensure its output is consistent with fundamental physics laws.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Jian Cheng Wong , Chinchun Ooi , Abhishek Gupta , Yew-Soon Ong

Stochastic differential equations are commonly used to describe the evolution of stochastic processes. The state uncertainty of such processes is best represented by the probability density function (PDF), whose evolution is governed by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Chun-Wei Kong , Luca Laurenti , Jay McMahon , Morteza Lahijanian

This work compares the advantages and limitations of the Finite Difference Method with Physics-Informed Neural Networks, showing where each can best be applied for different problem scenarios. Analysis on the L2 relative error based on…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-02-06 Batyr Sharimbayev , Shirali Kadyrov , Aleksei Kavokin

Recent work in scientific machine learning has developed so-called physics-informed neural network (PINN) models. The typical approach is to incorporate physical domain knowledge as soft constraints on an empirical loss function and use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Aditi S. Krishnapriyan , Amir Gholami , Shandian Zhe , Robert M. Kirby , Michael W. Mahoney