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The opaque nature of deep learning models presents significant challenges for the ethical deployment of hate speech detection systems. To address this limitation, we introduce Supervised Rational Attention (SRA), a framework that explicitly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Brage Eilertsen , Røskva Bjørgfinsdóttir , Francielle Vargas , Ali Ramezani-Kebrya

While civilized users employ social media to stay informed and discuss daily occurrences, haters perceive these platforms as fertile ground for attacking groups and individuals. The prevailing approach to counter this phenomenon involves…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Andrés Carvallo , Tamara Quiroga , Carlos Aspillaga , Marcelo Mendoza

Social media memes are a challenging domain for hate detection because they intertwine visual and textual cues into culturally nuanced messages. To tackle these challenges, we introduce TRACE, a hierarchical multimodal framework that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Girish A. Koushik , Helen Treharne , Aditya Joshi , Diptesh Kanojia

Subtle and indirect hate speech remains an underexplored challenge in online safety research, particularly when harmful intent is embedded within misleading or manipulative narratives. Existing hate speech datasets primarily capture overt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Sai Kartheek Reddy Kasu , Shankar Biradar , Sunil Saumya , Md. Shad Akhtar

The rapid evolution of social media has provided enhanced communication channels for individuals to create online content, enabling them to express their thoughts and opinions. Multimodal memes, often utilized for playful or humorous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Minh-Hao Van , Xintao Wu

Offensive or antagonistic language targeted at individuals and social groups based on their personal characteristics (also known as cyber hate speech or cyberhate) has been frequently posted and widely circulated viathe World Wide Web. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-09 Wafa Alorainy , Pete Burnap , Han Liu , Matthew Williams

Content moderation faces a challenging task as social media's ability to spread hate speech contrasts with its role in promoting global connectivity. With rapidly evolving slang and hate speech, the adaptability of conventional deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Paras Sheth , Tharindu Kumarage , Raha Moraffah , Aman Chadha , Huan Liu

Detecting misogynistic hate speech is a difficult algorithmic task. The task is made more difficult when decision criteria for what constitutes misogynistic speech are ungrounded in established literatures in psychology and philosophy, both…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Artemis Deligianni , Zachary Horne , Leonidas A. A. Doumas

Nowadays, Social network sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, Twitter are common places where people show their opinions, sentiments and share information with others. However, some people use SNSs to post abuse and harassment threats in order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Thai Binh Nguyen , Quang Minh Nguyen , Thu Hien Nguyen , Ngoc Phuong Pham , The Loc Nguyen , Quoc Truong Do

The internet has become a hotspot for hate speech (HS), threatening societal harmony and individual well-being. While automatic detection methods perform well in identifying explicit hate speech (ex-HS), they struggle with more subtle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Lu Wei , Liangzhi Li , Tong Xiang , Xiao Liu , Noa Garcia

Hate speech is a global phenomenon, but most hate speech datasets so far focus on English-language content. This hinders the development of more effective hate speech detection models in hundreds of languages spoken by billions across the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Paul Röttger , Debora Nozza , Federico Bianchi , Dirk Hovy

The widespread use of social media necessitates reliable and efficient detection of offensive content to mitigate harmful effects. Although sophisticated models perform well on individual datasets, they often fail to generalize due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Huy Nghiem , Hal Daumé

Hate speech frequently appears on social media platforms and urgently needs to be effectively controlled. Alleviating the bias caused by hate speech can help resolve various ethical issues. Although existing research has constructed several…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Hongyan Wu , Zhengming Chen , Zijian Li , Nankai Lin , Lianxi Wang , Shengyi Jiang , Aimin Yang

Hate speech detection has become a hot topic in recent years due to the exponential growth of offensive language in social media. It has proven that, state-of-the-art hate speech classifiers are efficient only when tested on the data with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Hadi Mansourifar , Dana Alsagheer , Weidong Shi , Lan Ni , Yan Huang

With the exponential rise in user-generated web content on social media, the proliferation of abusive languages towards an individual or a group across the different sections of the internet is also rapidly increasing. It is very…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Prashant Kapil , Asif Ekbal

Hate speech detection is a common downstream application of natural language processing (NLP) in the real world. In spite of the increasing accuracy, current data-driven approaches could easily learn biases from the imbalanced data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Yi Cai , Arthur Zimek , Gerhard Wunder , Eirini Ntoutsi

Considering the importance of detecting hateful language, labeled hate speech data is expensive and time-consuming to collect, particularly for low-resource languages. Prior work has demonstrated the effectiveness of cross-lingual transfer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Faeze Ghorbanpour , Daryna Dementieva , Alexander Fraser

With proliferation of user generated contents in social media platforms, establishing mechanisms to automatically identify toxic and abusive content becomes a prime concern for regulators, researchers, and society. Keeping the balance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Djamila Romaissa Beddiar , Md Saroar Jahan , Mourad Oussalah

Automatic hate speech detection is hampered by the scarcity of labeled datasetd, leading to poor generalization. We employ pretrained language models (LMs) to alleviate this data bottleneck. We utilize the GPT LM for generating large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Tomer Wullach , Amir Adler , Einat Minkov

The automatic detection of hate speech online is an active research area in NLP. Most of the studies to date are based on social media datasets that contribute to the creation of hate speech detection models trained on them. However, data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Dimosthenis Antypas , Jose Camacho-Collados