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This paper proposes a thorough theoretical analysis of Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) with non-increasing step sizes. First, we show that the recursion defining SGD can be provably approximated by solutions of a time inhomogeneous…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-02 Xavier Fontaine , Valentin De Bortoli , Alain Durmus

In this paper, we study the implicit regularization of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) through the lens of {\em dynamical stability} (Wu et al., 2018). We start by revising existing stability analyses of SGD, showing how the Frobenius…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-02 Lei Wu , Weijie J. Su

Label noise is frequently observed in real-world large-scale datasets. The noise is introduced due to a variety of reasons; it is heterogeneous and feature-dependent. Most existing approaches to handling noisy labels fall into two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Yikai Zhang , Songzhu Zheng , Pengxiang Wu , Mayank Goswami , Chao Chen

We consider stochastic optimization problems where the objective depends on some parameter, as commonly found in hyperparameter optimization for instance. We investigate the behavior of the derivatives of the iterates of Stochastic Gradient…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-21 Franck Iutzeler , Edouard Pauwels , Samuel Vaiter

We study high-probability convergence guarantees of learning on streaming data in the presence of heavy-tailed noise. In the proposed scenario, the model is updated in an online fashion, as new information is observed, without storing any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Aleksandar Armacki , Pranay Sharma , Gauri Joshi , Dragana Bajovic , Dusan Jakovetic , Soummya Kar

We study learning to learn for regression problems through the lens of hyperparameter tuning. We propose the Langevin Gradient Descent Algorithm (LGD), which approximates the mean of the posterior distribution defined by the loss function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Saumya Goyal , Rohith Rongali , Ritabrata Ray , Barnabás Póczos

Score-based generative modeling (SGM) has grown to be a hugely successful method for learning to generate samples from complex data distributions such as that of images and audio. It is based on evolving an SDE that transforms white noise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Holden Lee , Jianfeng Lu , Yixin Tan

Diffusion models have become a leading paradigm in generative AI, with score estimation via denoising score matching as a central component. While recent theory provides strong statistical guarantees, it typically relies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yinbin Han , Meisam Razaviyayn , Renyuan Xu

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is an out-of-equilibrium algorithm used extensively to train artificial neural networks. However very little is known on to what extent SGD is crucial for to the success of this technology and, in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Persia Jana Kamali , Pierfrancesco Urbani

Over-parameterized deep neural networks trained by simple first-order methods are known to be able to fit any labeling of data. Such over-fitting ability hinders generalization when mislabeled training examples are present. On the other…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Wei Hu , Zhiyuan Li , Dingli Yu

We study the problem of learning general (i.e., not necessarily homogeneous) halfspaces with Random Classification Noise under the Gaussian distribution. We establish nearly-matching algorithmic and Statistical Query (SQ) lower bound…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Ilias Diakonikolas , Jelena Diakonikolas , Daniel M. Kane , Puqian Wang , Nikos Zarifis

Theoretically understanding stochastic gradient descent (SGD) in overparameterized models has led to the development of several optimization algorithms that are widely used in practice today. Recent work by~\citet{zou2021benign} provides…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Alexandru Meterez , Depen Morwani , Costin-Andrei Oncescu , Jingfeng Wu , Cengiz Pehlevan , Sham Kakade

Many machine learning tasks can be formulated as Regularized Empirical Risk Minimization (R-ERM), and solved by optimization algorithms such as gradient descent (GD), stochastic gradient descent (SGD), and stochastic variance reduction…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-09-28 Qi Meng , Yue Wang , Wei Chen , Taifeng Wang , Zhi-Ming Ma , Tie-Yan Liu

Recently, significant progress has been made in understanding the generalization of neural networks (NNs) trained by gradient descent (GD) using the algorithmic stability approach. However, most of the existing research has focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Puyu Wang , Yunwen Lei , Di Wang , Yiming Ying , Ding-Xuan Zhou

Differentially private stochastic gradient descent (DP-SGD) is the gold standard for training machine learning models with formal differential privacy guarantees. Several recent extensions improve its accuracy by introducing correlated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Nikita P. Kalinin , Ryan McKenna , Rasmus Pagh , Christoph H. Lampert

Deep neural networks with remarkably strong generalization performances are usually over-parameterized. Despite explicit regularization strategies are used for practitioners to avoid over-fitting, the impacts are often small. Some…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-05 Deren Lei , Zichen Sun , Yijun Xiao , William Yang Wang

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) has been a go-to algorithm for nonconvex stochastic optimization problems arising in machine learning. Its theory however often requires a strong framework to guarantee convergence properties. We hereby…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-11 Azar Louzi

Understanding the behavior of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) in the context of deep neural networks has raised lots of concerns recently. Along this line, we study a general form of gradient based optimization dynamics with unbiased…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-11 Zhanxing Zhu , Jingfeng Wu , Bing Yu , Lei Wu , Jinwen Ma

Differentially private Stochastic Gradient Descent (DP-SGD) has become integral to privacy-preserving machine learning, ensuring robust privacy guarantees in sensitive domains. Despite notable empirical advances leveraging features from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Meng Ding , Mingxi Lei , Shaopeng Fu , Shaowei Wang , Di Wang , Jinhui Xu

In this paper, we present a simple yet effective provable method (named ABSGD) for addressing the data imbalance or label noise problem in deep learning. Our method is a simple modification to momentum SGD where we assign an individual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Qi Qi , Yi Xu , Rong Jin , Wotao Yin , Tianbao Yang