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While multi-task learning (MTL) has gained significant attention in recent years, its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Recent methods did not yield consistent performance improvements over single task learning (STL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Cathrin Elich , Lukas Kirchdorfer , Jan M. Köhler , Lukas Schott

We analyze multi-layer neural networks in the asymptotic regime of simultaneously (A) large network sizes and (B) large numbers of stochastic gradient descent training iterations. We rigorously establish the limiting behavior of the…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-04-06 Justin Sirignano , Konstantinos Spiliopoulos

Deep neural networks are a promising approach towards multi-task learning because of their capability to leverage knowledge across domains and learn general purpose representations. Nevertheless, they can fail to live up to these promises…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Mihai Suteu , Yike Guo

Mitigating bias in automated decision-making systems, particularly in deep learning models, is a critical challenge due to nuanced definitions of fairness, dataset-specific biases, and the inherent trade-off between fairness and accuracy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Charmaine Barker , Daniel Bethell , Dimitar Kazakov

We study inverse optimization (IO), where the goal is to use a parametric optimization program as the hypothesis class to infer relationships between input-decision pairs. Most of the literature focuses on learning only the objective…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-22 Ke Ren , Peyman Mohajerin Esfahani , Angelos Georghiou

Loss functions are at the heart of deep learning, shaping how models learn and perform across diverse tasks. They are used to quantify the difference between predicted outputs and ground truth labels, guiding the optimization process to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Omar Elharrouss , Yasir Mahmood , Yassine Bechqito , Mohamed Adel Serhani , Elarbi Badidi , Jamal Riffi , Hamid Tairi

We address the challenging problem of deep representation learning--the efficient adaption of a pre-trained deep network to different tasks. Specifically, we propose to explore gradient-based features. These features are gradients of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Fangzhou Mu , Yingyu Liang , Yin Li

Privacy concerns in distributed learning often lead clients to return intentionally altered gradient information. We consider the problem of learning convex and $L$-smooth functions under adversarial gradient perturbation, where a client's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Nawapon Sangsiri , Yufei Tao

In this paper, we propose a balancing training method to address problems in imbalanced data learning. To this end, we derive a new loss used in the balancing training phase that alleviates the influence of samples that cause an overfitted…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Seulki Park , Jongin Lim , Younghan Jeon , Jin Young Choi

This paper investigates context stickiness in in-context learning (ICL), a phenomenon where earlier examples in a prompt interfere with a transformer's ability to adapt to later tasks. Using synthetic regression tasks over linear and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hanna Rød , Dagny Streit , Nils Valseth Selte , Justin Li

Machine learning systems often acquire biases by leveraging undesired features in the data, impacting accuracy variably across different sub-populations. Current understanding of bias formation mostly focuses on the initial and final stages…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Anchit Jain , Rozhin Nobahari , Aristide Baratin , Stefano Sarao Mannelli

All machine learning algorithms use a loss, cost, utility or reward function to encode the learning objective and oversee the learning process. This function that supervises learning is a frequently unrecognized hyperparameter that…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Mathew Mithra Noel , Arindam Banerjee , Yug Oswal , Geraldine Bessie Amali D , Venkataraman Muthiah-Nakarajan

Continual Pre-Training (CPT) is widely used for acquiring and updating factual knowledge in LLMs. This practice treats loss as a proxy for knowledge learning, while offering no grounding into how it changes during training. We study CPT as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Seyed Mahed Mousavi , Simone Alghisi , Giuseppe Riccardi

Learning with a {\it convex loss} function has been a dominating paradigm for many years. It remains an interesting question how non-convex loss functions help improve the generalization of learning with broad applicability. In this paper,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-22 Yi Xu , Shenghuo Zhu , Sen Yang , Chi Zhang , Rong Jin , Tianbao Yang

In this paper we consider learning in passive setting but with a slight modification. We assume that the target expected loss, also referred to as target risk, is provided in advance for learner as prior knowledge. Unlike most studies in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-05-21 Mehrdad Mahdavi , Rong Jin

Previous theoretical results pertaining to meta-learning on sequences build on contrived assumptions and are somewhat convoluted. We introduce new information-theoretic tools that lead to an elegant and very general decomposition of error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Hong Jun Jeon , Jason D. Lee , Qi Lei , Benjamin Van Roy

Multi-Modal Learning (MML) integrates information from diverse modalities to improve predictive accuracy. While existing optimization strategies have made significant strides by mitigating gradient direction conflicts, we revisit MML from a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Peizheng Guo , Jingyao Wang , Wenwen Qiang , Jiahuan Zhou , Changwen Zheng , Gang Hua

Deep unfolding neural networks derived from iterative optimization schemes and numerical ordinary/partial differential equations (ODEs/PDEs) have attracted much attention in data science over the last decade. Therein, numerous important…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xuan Lin , Chunlin Wu

Learning classifiers using skewed or imbalanced datasets can occasionally lead to classification issues; this is a serious issue. In some cases, one class contains the majority of examples while the other, which is frequently the more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Satyendra Singh Rawat , Amit Kumar Mishra

Multitask learning aims at solving a set of related tasks simultaneously, by exploiting the shared knowledge for improving the performance on individual tasks. Hence, an important aspect of multitask learning is to understand the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-22 Changjian Shui , Mahdieh Abbasi , Louis-Émile Robitaille , Boyu Wang , Christian Gagné