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Social annotation platforms enable student engagement by integrating discussions directly into course materials. However, in large online courses, the sheer volume of comments can overwhelm students and impede learning. This paper…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Jumana Almahmoud , Marc Facciotti , Michele Igo , Kamali Sripathi , David Karger

Incorporating every annotator's perspective is crucial for unbiased data modeling. Annotator fatigue and changing opinions over time can distort dataset annotations. To combat this, we propose to learn a more accurate representation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Uthman Jinadu , Yi Ding

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in decision-making tasks where they can amplify or suppress perspectives, raising concerns in high-stakes settings affecting autistic communities. While previous research has identified…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Naba Rizvi , Harper Strickland , Saleha Ahmedi , Nedjma Ousidhoum

Nowadays, social media is pivotal in shaping public discourse, especially on polarizing issues like vaccination, where diverse moral perspectives influence individual opinions. In NLP, data scarcity and complexity of psycholinguistic tasks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Tunazzina Islam , Dan Goldwasser

Crowdsourced annotation is vital to both collecting labelled data to train and test automated content moderation systems and to support human-in-the-loop review of system decisions. However, annotation tasks such as judging hate speech are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Danula Hettiachchi , Indigo Holcombe-James , Stephanie Livingstone , Anjalee de Silva , Matthew Lease , Flora D. Salim , Mark Sanderson

In subjective NLP tasks, where a single ground truth does not exist, the inclusion of diverse annotators becomes crucial as their unique perspectives significantly influence the annotations. In realistic scenarios, the annotation budget…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Preni Golazizian , Alireza S. Ziabari , Ali Omrani , Morteza Dehghani

When annotators disagree, predicting the labels given by individual annotators can capture nuances overlooked by traditional label aggregation. We introduce three approaches to predicting individual annotator ratings on the toxicity of text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Harbani Jaggi , Kashyap Murali , Eve Fleisig , Erdem Bıyık

It is common practice in text classification to only use one majority label for model training even if a dataset has been annotated by multiple annotators. Doing so can remove valuable nuances and diverse perspectives inherent in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Jin Xu , Mariët Theune , Daniel Braun

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being used in human-centered social scientific tasks, such as data annotation, synthetic data creation, and engaging in dialog. However, these tasks are highly subjective and dependent on human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Salvatore Giorgi , Tingting Liu , Ankit Aich , Kelsey Isman , Garrick Sherman , Zachary Fried , João Sedoc , Lyle H. Ungar , Brenda Curtis

Data annotation, the practice of assigning descriptive labels to raw data, is pivotal in optimizing the performance of machine learning models. However, it is a resource-intensive process susceptible to biases introduced by annotators. The…

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results across a range of natural language processing tasks, but their potential to generate harmful content has raised serious safety concerns. Current toxicity detectors primarily rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Zhiqiang Kou , Junyang Chen , Xin-Qiang Cai , Ming-Kun Xie , Biao Liu , Changwei Wang , Lei Feng , Yuheng Jia , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama , Xin Geng

Moderation is crucial to promoting healthy on-line discussions. Although several `toxicity' detection datasets and models have been published, most of them ignore the context of the posts, implicitly assuming that comments maybe judged…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-02 John Pavlopoulos , Jeffrey Sorensen , Lucas Dixon , Nithum Thain , Ion Androutsopoulos

The presence of toxic content has become a major problem for many online communities. Moderators try to limit this problem by implementing more and more refined comment filters, but toxic users are constantly finding new ways to circumvent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-06 Éloi Brassard-Gourdeau , Richard Khoury

In this work, we demonstrate how existing classifiers for identifying toxic comments online fail to generalize to the diverse concerns of Internet users. We survey 17,280 participants to understand how user expectations for what constitutes…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Deepak Kumar , Patrick Gage Kelley , Sunny Consolvo , Joshua Mason , Elie Bursztein , Zakir Durumeric , Kurt Thomas , Michael Bailey

People naturally vary in their annotations for subjective questions and some of this variation is thought to be due to the person's sociodemographic characteristics. LLMs have also been used to label data, but recent work has shown that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Matthias Orlikowski , Jiaxin Pei , Paul Röttger , Philipp Cimiano , David Jurgens , Dirk Hovy

Safety policies define what constitutes safe and unsafe AI outputs, guiding data annotation and model development. However, annotation disagreement is pervasive and can stem from multiple sources such as operational failures (annotators…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Alex Oesterling , Donghao Ren , Yannick Assogba , Dominik Moritz , Sunnie S. Y. Kim , Leon Gatys , Fred Hohman

Large language models (LLMs) have exploded in popularity due to their ability to perform a wide array of natural language tasks. Text-based content moderation is one LLM use case that has received recent enthusiasm, however, there is little…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Deepak Kumar , Yousef AbuHashem , Zakir Durumeric

We propose a self-correction mechanism for Large Language Models (LLMs) to mitigate issues such as toxicity and fact hallucination. This method involves refining model outputs through an ensemble of critics and the model's own feedback.…

It is increasingly recognized that human annotators do not always agree, and such disagreement is inherent in many annotation tasks. However, not all instances in a given task elicit the same degree of opinion divergence. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Leixin Zhang , Çağrı Çöltekin

Toxic comment classification has become an active research field with many recently proposed approaches. However, while these approaches address some of the task's challenges others still remain unsolved and directions for further research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-21 Betty van Aken , Julian Risch , Ralf Krestel , Alexander Löser