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Although BERT is widely used by the NLP community, little is known about its inner workings. Several attempts have been made to shed light on certain aspects of BERT, often with contradicting conclusions. A much raised concern focuses on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Nikolaos Manginas , Ilias Chalkidis , Prodromos Malakasiotis

Recently, fine-tuning pre-trained language models (e.g., multilingual BERT) to downstream cross-lingual tasks has shown promising results. However, the fine-tuning process inevitably changes the parameters of the pre-trained model and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Zihan Liu , Genta Indra Winata , Andrea Madotto , Pascale Fung

Pretrained contextual representation models (Peters et al., 2018; Devlin et al., 2018) have pushed forward the state-of-the-art on many NLP tasks. A new release of BERT (Devlin, 2018) includes a model simultaneously pretrained on 104…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-04 Shijie Wu , Mark Dredze

Given the prevalence of pre-trained contextualized representations in today's NLP, there have been many efforts to understand what information they contain, and why they seem to be universally successful. The most common approach to use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Yichu Zhou , Vivek Srikumar

Noisy training data can significantly degrade the performance of language-model-based classifiers, particularly in non-topical classification tasks. In this study we designed a methodological framework to assess the impact of denoising.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Nouran Khallaf , Serge Sharoff

There is an increasing amount of literature that claims the brittleness of deep neural networks in dealing with adversarial examples that are created maliciously. It is unclear, however, how the models will perform in realistic scenarios…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-12 Lichao Sun , Kazuma Hashimoto , Wenpeng Yin , Akari Asai , Jia Li , Philip Yu , Caiming Xiong

We present DiffusionBERT, a new generative masked language model based on discrete diffusion models. Diffusion models and many pre-trained language models have a shared training objective, i.e., denoising, making it possible to combine the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Zhengfu He , Tianxiang Sun , Kuanning Wang , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu

Unsupervised pretraining models have been shown to facilitate a wide range of downstream NLP applications. These models, however, retain some of the limitations of traditional static word embeddings. In particular, they encode only the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Anne Lauscher , Ivan Vulić , Edoardo Maria Ponti , Anna Korhonen , Goran Glavaš

Multi-lingual contextualized embeddings, such as multilingual-BERT (mBERT), have shown success in a variety of zero-shot cross-lingual tasks. However, these models are limited by having inconsistent contextualized representations of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Libo Qin , Minheng Ni , Yue Zhang , Wanxiang Che

Pre-training by language modeling has become a popular and successful approach to NLP tasks, but we have yet to understand exactly what linguistic capacities these pre-training processes confer upon models. In this paper we introduce a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Allyson Ettinger

While there has been much recent work studying how linguistic information is encoded in pre-trained sentence representations, comparatively little is understood about how these models change when adapted to solve downstream tasks. Using a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Amil Merchant , Elahe Rahimtoroghi , Ellie Pavlick , Ian Tenney

Natural Language Processing (NLP) has witnessed a transformative leap with the advent of transformer-based architectures, which have significantly enhanced the ability of machines to understand and generate human-like text. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Tianhao Wu , Yu Wang , Ngoc Quach

High-performance neural language models have obtained state-of-the-art results on a wide range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, results for common benchmark datasets often do not reflect model reliability and robustness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Milad Moradi , Matthias Samwald

Large pre-trained sentence encoders like BERT start a new chapter in natural language processing. A common practice to apply pre-trained BERT to sequence classification tasks (e.g., classification of sentences or sentence pairs) is by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Wenxuan Zhou , Junyi Du , Xiang Ren

Language models often pre-train on large unsupervised text corpora, then fine-tune on additional task-specific data. However, typical fine-tuning schemes do not prioritize the examples that they tune on. We show that, if you can prioritize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Ian Osband , Seyed Mohammad Asghari , Benjamin Van Roy , Nat McAleese , John Aslanides , Geoffrey Irving

Language models like BERT excel at sentence classification tasks due to extensive pre-training on general data, but their robustness to parameter corruption is unexplored. To understand this better, we look at what happens if a language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Shijie Han , Zhenyu Zhang , Andrei Arsene Simion

Transformer-based language models have taken many fields in NLP by storm. BERT and its derivatives dominate most of the existing evaluation benchmarks, including those for Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD), thanks to their ability in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-19 Daniel Loureiro , Kiamehr Rezaee , Mohammad Taher Pilehvar , Jose Camacho-Collados

Sentence embedding is an important research topic in natural language processing (NLP) since it can transfer knowledge to downstream tasks. Meanwhile, a contextualized word representation, called BERT, achieves the state-of-the-art…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Bin Wang , C. -C. Jay Kuo

Large pre-trained language models such as BERT have been the driving force behind recent improvements across many NLP tasks. However, BERT is only trained to predict missing words - either behind masks or in the next sentence - and has no…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Nicole Peinelt , Marek Rei , Maria Liakata

Neural networks provide new possibilities to automatically learn complex language patterns and query-document relations. Neural IR models have achieved promising results in learning query-document relevance patterns, but few explorations…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Zhuyun Dai , Jamie Callan