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Currently, it is hard to reap the benefits of deep learning for Bayesian methods, which allow the explicit specification of prior knowledge and accurately capture model uncertainty. We present Prior-Data Fitted Networks (PFNs). PFNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Samuel Müller , Noah Hollmann , Sebastian Pineda Arango , Josif Grabocka , Frank Hutter

Scaling has been a major driver of recent advancements in deep learning. Numerous empirical studies have found that scaling laws often follow the power-law and proposed several variants of power-law functions to predict the scaling behavior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Dongwoo Lee , Dong Bok Lee , Steven Adriaensen , Juho Lee , Sung Ju Hwang , Frank Hutter , Seon Joo Kim , Hae Beom Lee

Training neural networks on randomly generated artificial datasets yields Bayesian models that capture the prior defined by the dataset-generating distribution. Prior-data Fitted Networks (PFNs) are a class of methods designed to leverage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Samuel Müller , Arik Reuter , Noah Hollmann , David Rügamer , Frank Hutter

Prior-data fitted networks (PFNs) were recently proposed as a new paradigm for machine learning. Instead of training the network to an observed training set, a fixed model is pre-trained offline on small, simulated training sets from a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-19 Thomas Nagler

Prior-Fitted Networks (PFNs) have recently been proposed to efficiently perform tabular classification tasks. Although they achieve good performance on small datasets, they encounter limitations with larger datasets. These limitations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yuxin Wang , Botian Jiang , Yiran Guo , Quan Gan , David Wipf , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu

Prior-data fitted networks (PFNs) have emerged as promising foundation models for prediction from tabular datasets, achieving state-of-the-art performance on small to moderate data sizes without tuning. While PFNs are motivated by Bayesian…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-11 Thomas Nagler , David Rügamer

Prior-Data Fitted Networks (PFNs) enable amortized Bayesian inference in a single forward pass, yet their internal representations remain opaque. It is unknown whether PFNs encode identifiable Bayesian structure or merely memorize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Kaustubh Sharma , Srijan Tiwari , Ojasva Nema , Parikshit Pareek

Bayesian clustering accounts for uncertainty but is computationally demanding at scale. Furthermore, real-world datasets often contain missing values, and simple imputation ignores the associated uncertainty, resulting in suboptimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Prajit Bhaskaran , Tom Viering

In this paper, we use Prior-data Fitted Networks (PFNs) as a flexible surrogate for Bayesian Optimization (BO). PFNs are neural processes that are trained to approximate the posterior predictive distribution (PPD) through in-context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Samuel Müller , Matthias Feurer , Noah Hollmann , Frank Hutter

Clustering tabular data is a fundamental yet challenging problem due to heterogeneous feature types, diverse data-generating mechanisms, and the absence of transferable inductive biases across datasets. Prior-fitted networks (PFNs) have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Tianqi Zhao , Guanyang Wang , Yan Shuo Tan , Qiong Zhang

Prior-data fitted networks (PFNs) have recently emerged as a powerful approach for Bayesian prediction tasks, approximating the posterior predictive distribution (PPD) through in-context learning. Despite their strong empirical performance…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-27 Gyeonghun Kang , Changwoo J. Lee , Xiang Cheng

The recently developed Prior-Data Fitted Networks (PFNs) have shown very promising results for applications in low-data regimes. The TabPFN model, a special case of PFNs for tabular data, is able to achieve state-of-the-art performance on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-24 David Rundel , Julius Kobialka , Constantin von Crailsheim , Matthias Feurer , Thomas Nagler , David Rügamer

Prior-Data Fitted networks (PFNs) have been very successful in tabular contexts, handling prediction tasks in context. However, they are designed for single-task inference, meaning that predicting several target values within a context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Cormac Cureton , Narges Armanfard

Prior-data fitted networks (PFNs) are a promising alternative to time-consuming Gaussian process (GP) inference for creating fast surrogates of physical systems. PFN reduces the computational burden of GP-training by replacing Bayesian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Kaustubh Sharma , Simardeep Singh , Parikshit Pareek

We develop a new Bayesian framework based on deep neural networks to be able to extrapolate in space-time using historical data and to quantify uncertainties arising from both noisy and gappy data in physical problems. Specifically, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Xuhui Meng , Liu Yang , Zhiping Mao , Jose del Aguila Ferrandis , George Em Karniadakis

Link Prediction (LP) is a critical task in graph machine learning. While Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have significantly advanced LP performance recently, existing methods face key challenges including limited supervision from sparse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Yu Song , Zhigang Hua , Harry Shomer , Yan Xie , Jingzhe Liu , Bo Long , Hui Liu

Machine learning models perform well across domains such as diagnostics, weather forecasting, NLP, and autonomous driving, but their limited uncertainty handling restricts use in safety-critical settings. Traditional neural networks often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Bernhard Klein , Falk Selker , Hendrik Borras , Sophie Steger , Franz Pernkopf , Holger Fröning

Prior-data fitted networks (PFNs) have achieved exceptional performance on tabular classification tasks. However, like other classifiers, their performance can suffer under the effect of class imbalance, resulting in poor performance for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Samuel McDowell , Nathan Stromberg , Lalitha Sankar

Traditional methods for tabular classification usually rely on supervised learning from scratch, which requires extensive training data to determine model parameters. However, a novel approach called Prior-Data Fitted Networks (TabPFN) has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Quangao Liu , Wei Yang , Chen Liang , Longlong Pang , Zhuozhang Zou

The vast majority of time-series forecasting approaches require a substantial training dataset. However, many real-life forecasting applications have very little initial observations, sometimes just 40 or fewer. Thus, the applicability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Samuel Dooley , Gurnoor Singh Khurana , Chirag Mohapatra , Siddartha Naidu , Colin White
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