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Machine learning systems may encounter unexpected problems when the data distribution changes in the deployment environment. A major reason is that certain combinations of domains and labels are not observed during training but appear in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-04 Yivan Zhang , Jindong Wang , Xing Xie , Masashi Sugiyama

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) generalizes conventional Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) by assuming that the target domain is dynamic over time rather than stationary. In this paper, we explore Multi-Modal Continual Test-Time Adaptation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Haozhi Cao , Yuecong Xu , Jianfei Yang , Pengyu Yin , Shenghai Yuan , Lihua Xie

Unsupervised domain adaptation addresses the problem of classifying data in an unlabeled target domain, given labeled source domain data that share a common label space but follow a different distribution. Most of the recent methods take…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Hui Tang , Yaowei Wang , Kui Jia

Test-time adaptation (TTA) adapts pre-trained models to distribution shifts at inference using only unlabeled test data. Under the Practical TTA (PTTA) setting, where test streams are temporally correlated and non-i.i.d., memory has become…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yu-Wen Tseng , Xingyi Zheng , Ya-Chen Wu , I-Bin Liao , Yung-Hui Li , Hong-Han Shuai , Wen-Huang Cheng

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) adjusts models using unlabeled test data to handle dynamic distribution shifts. However, existing methods rely on frequent adaptation and high computational cost, making them unsuitable for resource-constrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Hyeongheon Cha , Dong Min Kim , Hye Won Chung , Taesik Gong , Sung-Ju Lee

Real-world systems often encounter new data over time, which leads to experiencing target domain shifts. Existing Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods tend to apply computationally heavy and memory-intensive backpropagation-based approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Yanshuo Wang , Ali Cheraghian , Zeeshan Hayder , Jie Hong , Sameera Ramasinghe , Shafin Rahman , David Ahmedt-Aristizabal , Xuesong Li , Lars Petersson , Mehrtash Harandi

Test-time adaptation aims to adapt a well-trained model to potential distribution shifts at test time using only unlabeled test data, without access to the original training data. While previous efforts mainly focus on a single modality,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Yusheng Zhao , Junyu Luo , Xiao Luo , Jinsheng Huang , Jingyang Yuan , Zhiping Xiao , Ming Zhang

Entropy minimization (EM) is frequently used to increase the accuracy of classification models when they're faced with new data at test time. EM is a self-supervised learning method that optimizes classifiers to assign even higher…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Ori Press , Ravid Shwartz-Ziv , Yann LeCun , Matthias Bethge

Mainstream Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods for adapting vision-language models, e.g., CLIP, typically rely on Shannon Entropy (SE) at test time to measure prediction uncertainty and inconsistency. However, since CLIP has a built-in bias…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Xiangyu Wu , Dongming Jiang , Feng Yu , Yueying Tian , Jiaqi Tang , Qing-Guo Chen , Yang Yang , Jianfeng Lu

Text classification is a fundamental task for natural language processing, and adapting text classification models across domains has broad applications. Self-training generates pseudo-examples from the model's predictions and iteratively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Menglong Lu , Zhen Huang , Zhiliang Tian , Yunxiang Zhao , Xuanyu Fei , Dongsheng Li

This paper focuses on the Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) task, aiming to enable an agent to continuously adapt to evolving target domains while retaining previously acquired domain knowledge for effective reuse when those domains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-29 JianChao Zhao , Chenhao Ding , Songlin Dong , Jiangyang Li , Qiang Wang , Yuhang He , Yihong Gong

In this work, we present an approach for unsupervised domain adaptation (DA) with the constraint, that the labeled source data are not directly available, and instead only access to a classifier trained on the source data is provided. Our…

Multimodal sentiment analysis (MSA) is an emerging research topic that aims to understand and recognize human sentiment or emotions through multiple modalities. However, in real-world dynamic scenarios, the distribution of target data is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Zirun Guo , Tao Jin , Wenlong Xu , Wang Lin , Yangyang Wu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is the problem of updating a pre-trained source model at inference time given test input(s) from a different target domain. Most existing TTA approaches assume the setting in which the target domain is stationary,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Dhanajit Brahma , Piyush Rai

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) models often suffer from performance degradation in real-world applications due to distribution shifts in activity patterns across individuals. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) is an emerging learning paradigm…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Shuoyuan Wang , Jindong Wang , HuaJun Xi , Bob Zhang , Lei Zhang , Hongxin Wei

Speech emotion recognition (SER) with audio-language models (ALMs) remains vulnerable to distribution shifts at test time, leading to performance degradation in out-of-domain scenarios. Test-time adaptation (TTA) provides a promising…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Jiacheng Shi , Hongfei Du , Y. Alicia Hong , Ye Gao

Deep neural networks often degrade under distribution shifts. Although domain adaptation offers a solution, privacy constraints often prevent access to source data, making Test-Time Adaptation (TTA, which adapts using only unlabeled test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Linjing You , Jiabao Lu , Xiayuan Huang

This paper presents a simple yet effective approach that improves continual test-time adaptation (TTA) in a memory-efficient manner. TTA may primarily be conducted on edge devices with limited memory, so reducing memory is crucial but has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Junha Song , Jungsoo Lee , In So Kweon , Sungha Choi

This work proposes a robust Partial Domain Adaptation (PDA) framework that mitigates the negative transfer problem by incorporating a robust target-supervision strategy. It leverages ensemble learning and includes diverse, complementary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Sandipan Choudhuri , Suli Adeniye , Arunabha Sen

Domain adaptation (DA) enables knowledge transfer from a labeled source domain to an unlabeled target domain by reducing the cross-domain distribution discrepancy. Most prior DA approaches leverage complicated and powerful deep neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Shuang Li , Jinming Zhang , Wenxuan Ma , Chi Harold Liu , Wei Li
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