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We develop the geometry of Hurwitz continued fractions, a major tool in understanding the approximation properties of complex numbers by ratios of Gaussian integers. Based on a thorough study of the geometric properties of Hurwitz continued…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-02-20 Yann Bugeaud , Gerardo Gonzalez Robert , Mumtaz Hussain

We address the problem of determining the Hausdorff dimension of sets consisting of complex irrationals whose complex continued fraction digits satisfy prescribed restrictions and growth conditions. For the Hurwitz continued fraction, we…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-04-16 Yuto Nakajima , Hiroki Takahasi

Adolf Hurwitz proposed in 1887 a continued fraction algorithm for complex numbers: Hurwitz continued fractions (HCF). Among other similarities between HCF and regular continued fractions, quadratic irrational numbers over $\mathbb{Q}(i)$…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-03-23 Gerardo Gonzalez Robert

For regular continued fraction, if a real number $x$ and its rational approximation $p/q$ satisfying $|x-p/q|<1/q^2$, then, after deleting the last integer of the partial quotients of $p/q$, the sequence of the remaining partial quotients…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-12-15 Yubin He , Ying Xiong

The Hurwitz complex continued fraction is a generalization of the nearest integer continued fraction. In this paper we prove various results concerning extremes of the modulus of Hurwitz complex continued fraction digits. This includes a…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-02-17 Maxim Kirsebom

We describe various properties of continued fraction expansions of complex numbers in terms of Gaussian integers. Numerous distinct such expansions are possible for a complex number. They can be arrived at through various algorithms, as…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2011-02-21 S. G. Dani , Arnaldo Nogueira

We study a natural extension to complex numbers of the standard continued fractions. The basic algorithm is due to Lagrange and Gauss, though it seems to have gone mostly unnoticed as a way to create continued fractions. The new…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-22 Cormac O'Sullivan

We prove an explicit formula for infinitely many convergents of Hurwitzian continued fractions that repeat several copies of the same constant and elements of one arithmetic progression, in a quasi-periodic fashion. The proof involves…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-05-28 Gábor Hetyei

We provide a generalization of continued fractions to the Heisenberg group. We prove an explicit estimate on the rate of convergence of the infinite continued fraction and several surprising analogs of classical formulas about continued…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-06-21 Anton Lukyanenko , Joseph Vandehey

We prove a suite of dynamical results, including exactness of the transformation and piecewise-analyticity of the invariant measure, for a family of continued fraction systems, including specific examples over reals, complex numbers,…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-03-07 Anton Lukyanenko , Joseph Vandehey

Hurwitz (1887) defined a continued fraction algorithm for complex numbers which is better behaved in many respects than a more "natural" extension of the classical continued fraction algorithm to the complex plane would be. Although the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-01-23 David Simmons

We show that normality for continued fractions expansions and normality for base-$b$ expansions are maximally logically separate. In particular, the set of numbers that are normal with respect to the continued fraction expansion but not…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-11-24 Steve Jackson , Bill Mance , Joseph Vandehey

We study the density of the invariant measure of the Hurwitz complex continued fraction from a computational perspective. It is known that this density is piece-wise real-analytic and so we provide a method for calculating the Taylor…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-06-05 Ghaith Hiary , Joseph Vandehey

Given $b=-A\pm i$ with $A$ being a positive integer, we can represent any complex number as a power series in $b$ with coefficients in $\mathcal A=\{0,1,\ldots, A^2\}$. We prove that, for any real $\tau\geq 2$ and any non-empty proper…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-10-19 Gerardo González Robert , Mumtaz Hussain , Nikita Shulga

Good's Theorem for regular continued fraction states that the set of real numbers $[a_0;a_1,a_2,\ldots]$ such that $\displaystyle\lim_{n\to\infty} a_n=\infty$ has Hausdorff dimension $\tfrac{1}{2}$. We show an analogous result for the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-03-23 Gerardo González Robert

We derive closed-form expressions for several new classes of Hurwitzian- and Tasoevian continued fractions, including $[0;\overline{p-1,1,u(a+2nb)-1,p-1,1,v(a+(2n+1)b)-1 }\,\,]_{n=0}^\infty$, $[0; \overline{c + d m^{n}}]_{n=1}^{\infty}$ and…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-01-16 James Mc Laughlin

Proper continued fractions are generalized continued fractions with positive integer numerators $a_i$ and integer denominators with $b_i\geq a_i$. In this paper we study the strength of approximation of irrational numbers to their…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-12-09 Niels Langeveld , David Ralston

Continued fractions with prescribed structures on sequences of their partial quotients have been intensively studied in the literature. As far as an integer sequence, especially a randomly generated one is concerned, an attractive question…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-21 Yuto Nakajima , Hiroki Takahasi , Baowei Wang

We study a family of generalized continued fractions, which are defined by a pair of substitution sequences in a finite alphabet. We prove that they are stammering sequences, in the sense of Adamczewski and Bugeaud. We also prove that this…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-04-15 Túlio O. Carvalho

We prove that the set of complex irrationals whose partial quotients in their Hurwitz continued fraction expansion are naturally regarded as subsets of $\mathbb Z^2$ and contain infinitely many homothetic copies of any finite subset of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-01-27 Yuto Nakajima , Hiroki Takahasi
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