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Traditional Large Language Model (LLM) pretraining relies on autoregressive language modeling with randomly sampled data from web-scale datasets. Inspired by human learning techniques like spaced repetition, we hypothesize that random…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Neha Prakriya , Jui-Nan Yen , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Jason Cong

Labeling a large set of data is expensive. Active learning aims to tackle this problem by asking to annotate only the most informative data from the unlabeled set. We propose a novel active learning approach that utilizes self-supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-27 John Seon Keun Yi , Minseok Seo , Jongchan Park , Dong-Geol Choi

Training large language models (LLMs) typically involves pre-training on massive corpora, only to restart the process entirely when new data becomes available. A more efficient and resource-conserving approach would be continual…

In the rapidly evolving field of large language models (LLMs), data augmentation (DA) has emerged as a pivotal technique for enhancing model performance by diversifying training examples without the need for additional data collection. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Bosheng Ding , Chengwei Qin , Ruochen Zhao , Tianze Luo , Xinze Li , Guizhen Chen , Wenhan Xia , Junjie Hu , Anh Tuan Luu , Shafiq Joty

In recent years, pretrained neural language models (PNLMs) have taken the field of natural language processing by storm, achieving new benchmarks and state-of-the-art performances. These models often rely heavily on annotated data, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Hoang Van

Long-term test-time adaptation (TTA) is a challenging task due to error accumulation. Recent approaches tackle this issue by actively labeling a small proportion of samples in each batch, yet the annotation burden quickly grows as the batch…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Guowei Wang , Changxing Ding

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive abilities in data annotation, opening the way for new approaches to solve classic NLP problems. In this paper, we show how to use LLMs to create NuNER, a compact language representation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Sergei Bogdanov , Alexandre Constantin , Timothée Bernard , Benoit Crabbé , Etienne Bernard

As Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities advance, the demand for high-quality annotation of exponentially increasing text corpora has outpaced human capacity, leading to the widespread adoption of LLMs in automatic evaluation and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Jiayu Wang , Junyoung Lee

When we can not assume a large amount of annotated data , active learning is a good strategy. It consists in learning a model on a small amount of annotated data (annotation budget) and in choosing the best set of points to annotate in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Umang Aggarwal , Adrian Popescu , Céline Hudelot

Large language models (LLMs) require reliable evaluation from pre-training to test-time scaling, making evaluation a recurring rather than one-off cost. As model scales grow and target tasks increasingly demand expert annotators, both the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Zeli Liu , Jiancheng Zhang , Cong Liu , Yinglun Zhu

Human annotation remains the foundation of reliable and interpretable data in Natural Language Processing (NLP). As annotation and evaluation tasks continue to expand, from categorical labelling to segmentation, subjective judgment, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Joseph James

While Active Learning (AL) techniques are explored in Neural Machine Translation (NMT), only a few works focus on tackling low annotation budgets where a limited number of sentences can get translated. Such situations are especially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Sai Koneru , Danni Liu , Jan Niehues

Entailment has been recognized as an important metric for evaluating natural language understanding (NLU) models, and recent studies have found that entailment pretraining benefits weakly supervised fine-tuning. In this work, we design a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Jiaxin Ge , Hongyin Luo , Yoon Kim , James Glass

While pre-trained language model (PLM) fine-tuning has achieved strong performance in many NLP tasks, the fine-tuning stage can be still demanding in labeled data. Recent works have resorted to active fine-tuning to improve the label…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Yue Yu , Lingkai Kong , Jieyu Zhang , Rongzhi Zhang , Chao Zhang

Whether Large Language Models (LLMs) can outperform crowdsourcing on the data annotation task is attracting interest recently. Some works verified this issue with the average performance of individual crowd workers and LLM workers on some…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Jiyi Li

Knowing exactly how many data points need to be labeled to achieve a certain model performance is a hugely beneficial step towards reducing the overall budgets for annotation. It pertains to both active learning and traditional data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Ernie Chang , Muhammad Hassan Rashid , Pin-Jie Lin , Changsheng Zhao , Vera Demberg , Yangyang Shi , Vikas Chandra

Supervised machine learning and deep learning require a large amount of labeled data, which data scientists obtain in a manual, and time-consuming annotation process. To mitigate this challenge, Active Learning (AL) proposes promising data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Philipp Kohl , Nils Freyer , Yoka Krämer , Henri Werth , Steffen Wolf , Bodo Kraft , Matthias Meinecke , Albert Zündorf

We describe a method for selecting relevant new training data for the LSTM-based domain selection component of our personal assistant system. Adding more annotated training data for any ML system typically improves accuracy, but only if it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-02 Xi C. Chen , Adithya Sagar , Justine T. Kao , Tony Y. Li , Christopher Klein , Stephen Pulman , Ashish Garg , Jason D. Williams

Low-resource languages face significant challenges due to the lack of sufficient linguistic data, resources, and tools for tasks such as supervised learning, annotation, and classification. This shortage hinders the development of accurate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Suramya Jadhav , Abhay Shanbhag , Amogh Thakurdesai , Ridhima Sinare , Raviraj Joshi

Using Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate synthetic data for model training has become increasingly popular in recent years. While LLMs are capable of producing realistic training data, the effectiveness of data generation is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Yinheng Li , Rogerio Bonatti , Sara Abdali , Justin Wagle , Kazuhito Koishida