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Why does a Transformer that has memorized its training set wait thousands of steps before it generalizes? Existing accounts locate this delay in norm minimization, feature emergence, or the late discovery of sparse subnetworks. These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Kai Hidajat , Solden Stoll , Joseph An

Grokking, or delayed generalization, is an intriguing learning phenomenon where test set loss decreases sharply only after a model's training set loss has converged. This challenges conventional understanding of the training dynamics in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Breno W. Carvalho , Artur S. d'Avila Garcez , Luís C. Lamb , Emílio Vital Brazil

Grokking, the phenomenon of delayed generalization, is often attributed to the depth and compositional structure of deep neural networks. We study grokking in one of the simplest possible settings: the learning of a linear model with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Nataraj Das , Atreya Vedantam , Chandrashekar Lakshminarayanan

Delayed generalization, termed grokking, in a machine learning calculation occurs when the increase in test accuracy is delayed relative to the training accuracy. This paper examines grokking in the context of a dense neural network trained…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-02-06 Karolina Hutchison , David Yevick

The phenomenon of grokking in over-parameterized neural networks has garnered significant interest. It involves the neural network initially memorizing the training set with zero training error and near-random test error. Subsequent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Hu Qiye , Zhou Hao , Yu RuoXi

Grokking, or delayed generalization, is a phenomenon where generalization in a deep neural network (DNN) occurs long after achieving near zero training error. Previous studies have reported the occurrence of grokking in specific controlled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Ahmed Imtiaz Humayun , Randall Balestriero , Richard Baraniuk

''Grokking'' is a phenomenon where a neural network first memorizes training data and generalizes poorly, but then suddenly transitions to near-perfect generalization after prolonged training. While intriguing, this delayed generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Zhiwei Xu , Zhiyu Ni , Yixin Wang , Wei Hu

Grokking refers to delayed generalization in which the increase in test accuracy of a neural network occurs appreciably after the improvement in training accuracy This paper introduces several practical metrics including variance under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Ahmed Salah , David Yevick

One of the most surprising puzzles in neural network generalisation is grokking: a network with perfect training accuracy but poor generalisation will, upon further training, transition to perfect generalisation. We propose that grokking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Vikrant Varma , Rohin Shah , Zachary Kenton , János Kramár , Ramana Kumar

Grokking is the intriguing phenomenon where a model learns to generalize long after it has fit the training data. We show both analytically and numerically that grokking can surprisingly occur in linear networks performing linear tasks in a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-06 Noam Levi , Alon Beck , Yohai Bar-Sinai

Grokking, referring to the abrupt improvement in test accuracy after extended overfitting, offers valuable insights into the mechanisms of model generalization. Existing researches based on progress measures imply that grokking relies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Zihan Gu , Ruoyu Chen , Hua Zhang , Yue Hu , Xiaochun Cao

Grokking, a delayed generalization in neural networks after perfect training performance, has been observed in Transformers and MLPs, but the components driving it remain underexplored. We show that embeddings are central to grokking:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 H. V. AlquBoj , Hilal AlQuabeh , Velibor Bojkovic , Munachiso Nwadike , Kentaro Inui

We propose that the grokking phenomenon, where the train loss of a neural network decreases much earlier than its test loss, can arise due to a neural network transitioning from lazy training dynamics to a rich, feature learning regime. To…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-12 Tanishq Kumar , Blake Bordelon , Samuel J. Gershman , Cengiz Pehlevan

Recent research on the grokking phenomenon has illuminated the intricacies of neural networks' training dynamics and their generalization behaviors. Grokking refers to a sharp rise of the network's generalization accuracy on the test set,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Simin Fan , Razvan Pascanu , Martin Jaggi

Grokking is a phenomenon where a model trained on an algorithmic task first overfits but, then, after a large amount of additional training, undergoes a phase transition to generalize perfectly. We empirically study the internal structure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-22 William Merrill , Nikolaos Tsilivis , Aman Shukla

Grokking is a puzzling phenomenon in neural networks where full generalization occurs only after a substantial delay following the complete memorization of the training data. Previous research has linked this delayed generalization to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Tiberiu Musat

In this paper we propose to study generalization of neural networks on small algorithmically generated datasets. In this setting, questions about data efficiency, memorization, generalization, and speed of learning can be studied in great…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-07 Alethea Power , Yuri Burda , Harri Edwards , Igor Babuschkin , Vedant Misra

Grokking refers to a delayed generalization following overfitting when optimizing artificial neural networks with gradient-based methods. In this work, we demonstrate that grokking can be induced by regularization, either explicit or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Pascal Jr Tikeng Notsawo , Guillaume Dumas , Guillaume Rabusseau

Grokking, the unusual phenomenon for algorithmic datasets where generalization happens long after overfitting the training data, has remained elusive. We aim to understand grokking by analyzing the loss landscapes of neural networks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Ziming Liu , Eric J. Michaud , Max Tegmark

This paper studies emergent phenomena in neural networks by focusing on grokking where models suddenly generalize after delayed memorization. To understand this phase transition, we utilize higher-order mutual information to analyze the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Kenzo Clauw , Sebastiano Stramaglia , Daniele Marinazzo
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