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For an odd prime $p$, we say a polynomial $f\in \mathbb F_p[X]$ computes square roots if $f(a)^2=a$ for all nonzero, perfect squares $a\in \mathbb F_p$. When $p\equiv 3 \mod 4$, it is easy to see that $f(X)=X^{\frac{p+1}{4}}$ is the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-01 Foivos Chnaras , Noah Kupinsky

The sum-of-squares method can give rigorous lower bounds on the energy of quantum Hamiltonians. Unfortunately, typically using this method requires solving a semidefinite program, which can be computationally expensive. Further, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-05 M. B. Hastings

We investigate the representation of symmetric polynomials as a sum of squares. Since this task is solved using semidefinite programming tools we explore the geometric, algebraic, and computational implications of the presence of discrete…

Commutative Algebra · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Karin Gatermann , Pablo A. Parrilo

Subset sum is a very old and fundamental problem in theoretical computer science. In this problem, $n$ items with weights $w_1, w_2, w_3, \ldots, w_n$ are given as input and the goal is to find out if there is a subset of them whose weights…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Hamed Saleh , Saeed Seddighin

The problem of representing a given positive integer as a sum of four squares of integers has been widely concerned for a long time, and for a given positive odd $n$ one can find a representation by doing arithmetic in a maximal order of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-05-03 Zhaonan Wang , Yingpu Deng

Given a set of $n$ real numbers, the 3SUM problem is to decide whether there are three of them that sum to zero. Until a recent breakthrough by Gr{\o}nlund and Pettie [FOCS'14], a simple $\Theta(n^2)$-time deterministic algorithm for this…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-03-07 Omer Gold , Micha Sharir

The Sum-of-Squares (SoS) hierarchy is a powerful framework for polynomial optimization and proof complexity, offering tight semidefinite relaxations that capture many classical algorithms. Despite its broad applicability, several works have…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Alex Bortolotti , Monaldo Mastrolilli , Marilena Palomba , Luis Felipe Vargas

This paper presents both a method and a result. The result presents a closed formula for the sum of the first $m+1,m \ge 0,$ squares of the sequence $F^{(k)}$ where each member is the sum of the previous $k$ members and with initial…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-05-03 Russell Jay Hendel

This paper is concerned with certifying that a given point is near an exact root of an overdetermined or singular polynomial system with rational coefficients. The difficulty lies in the fact that consistency of overdetermined systems is…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2014-08-13 Tulay Ayyildiz Akoglu , Jonathan D. Hauenstein , Agnes Szanto

Let $p$ be a prime number, $p=2^nq+1$, where $q$ is odd. D. Shanks described an algorithm to compute square roots $\pmod{p}$ which needs $O(\log q + n^2)$ modular multiplications. In this note we describe two modifications of this…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2011-05-10 Jan-Christoph Schlage-Puchta

A generalization of Rip\`a's square spiral solution for the $n \times n \times \cdots \times n$ Points Upper Bound Problem. Additionally, we provide a non-trivial lower bound for the $k$-dimensional $n_1 \times n_2 \times \cdots \times n_k$…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2024-09-10 Marco Ripà

We describe a deterministic algorithm that computes an approximate root of n complex polynomial equations in n unknowns in average polynomial time with respect to the size of the input, in the Blum-Shub-Smale model with square root. It…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-06-12 Pierre Lairez

We study planted problems---finding hidden structures in random noisy inputs---through the lens of the sum-of-squares semidefinite programming hierarchy (SoS). This family of powerful semidefinite programs has recently yielded many new…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-10-31 Samuel B. Hopkins , Pravesh K. Kothari , Aaron Potechin , Prasad Raghavendra , Tselil Schramm , David Steurer

In this paper, we consider the problem of deciding the existence of real solutions to a system of polynomial equations having real coefficients, and which are invariant under the action of the symmetric group. We construct and analyze a…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2023-06-08 George Labahn , Cordian Riener , Mohab Safey El Din , Éric Schost , Thi Xuan Vu

We study SOS properties of biquadratic forms. For the class of partially symmetric biquadratic forms, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for positive semi-definiteness and prove that every PSD partially symmetric biquadratic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-21 Liqun Qi , Chunfeng Cui , Yi Xu

Feynman integral computations in theoretical high energy particle physics frequently involve square roots in the kinematic variables. Physicists often want to solve Feynman integrals in terms of multiple polylogarithms. One way to obtain a…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2021-01-01 Marco Besier , Dino Festi

The presented analysis determines several new bounds on the roots of the equation $a_n x^n + a_{n-1} x^{n-1} + \cdots + a_0 = 0$ (with $a_n > 0$). All proposed new bounds are lower than the Cauchy bound max$\{1, \sum_{j=0}^{n-1} |a_j/a_n|…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2022-09-15 Emil M. Prodanov

The problem PosSLP is the problem of determining whether a given straight-line program (SLP) computes a positive integer. PosSLP was introduced by Allender et al. to study the complexity of numerical analysis (Allender et al., 2009). PosSLP…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Markus Bläser , Julian Dörfler , Gorav Jindal

We consider the $k$-min-sum-radii ($k$-MSR) clustering problem with fairness constraints. The $k$-min-sum-radii problem is a mixture of the classical $k$-center and $k$-median problems. We are given a set of points $P$ in a metric space and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Lena Carta , Lukas Drexler , Annika Hennes , Clemens Rösner , Melanie Schmidt

Suppose we are given an $n$-dimensional order-3 symmetric tensor $T \in (\mathbb{R}^n)^{\otimes 3}$ that is the sum of $r$ random rank-1 terms. The problem of recovering the rank-1 components is possible in principle when $r \lesssim n^2$…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Alexander S. Wein