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Although BERT and its variants have reshaped the NLP landscape, it still remains unclear how best to derive sentence embeddings from such pre-trained Transformers. In this work, we propose a contrastive learning method that utilizes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Taeuk Kim , Kang Min Yoo , Sang-goo Lee

This paper introduces a confidence-weighted, credibility-aware ensemble framework for text-based emotion detection, inspired by Condorcet's Jury Theorem (CJT). Unlike conventional ensembles that often rely on homogeneous architectures, our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Menna Elgabry , Ali Hamdi

Emotion Classification based on text is a task with many applications which has received growing interest in recent years. This paper presents a preliminary study with the goal to help researchers and practitioners gain insight into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Anna Koufakou , Jairo Garciga , Adam Paul , Joseph Morelli , Christopher Frank

Pretrained language models can be effectively stimulated by textual prompts or demonstrations, especially in low-data scenarios. Recent works have focused on automatically searching discrete or continuous prompts or optimized verbalizers,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Xiaozhuan Liang , Ningyu Zhang , Siyuan Cheng , Zhenru Zhang , Chuanqi Tan , Huajun Chen

Offensive language detection is an ever-growing natural language processing (NLP) application. This growth is mainly because of the widespread usage of social networks, which becomes a mainstream channel for people to communicate, work, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Ehab Hamdy

Sentiment analysis can provide a suitable lead for the tools used in software engineering along with the API recommendation systems and relevant libraries to be used. In this context, the existing tools like SentiCR, SentiStrength-SE, etc.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Himanshu Batra , Narinder Singh Punn , Sanjay Kumar Sonbhadra , Sonali Agarwal

Recent work explored the potential of large-scale Transformer-based pre-trained models, especially Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) in natural language processing. This raises many concerns from various perspectives, e.g., financial costs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Yuxin Ren , Benyou Wang , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

The analysis of students' emotions and behaviors is crucial for enhancing learning outcomes and personalizing educational experiences. Traditional methods often rely on intrusive visual and physiological data collection, posing privacy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Kaito Tanaka , Benjamin Tan , Brian Wong

Providing high-quality feedback to Large Language Models (LLMs) on a diverse training distribution can be difficult and expensive, and providing feedback only on a narrow distribution can result in unintended generalizations. To better…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Constanza Fierro , Fabien Roger

Recently, self-supervised pre-training has shown significant improvements in many areas of machine learning, including speech and NLP. We propose using large self-supervised pre-trained models for both audio and text modality with…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-24 Krishna D N

Contextual embedding-based language models trained on large data sets, such as BERT and RoBERTa, provide strong performance across a wide range of tasks and are ubiquitous in modern NLP. It has been observed that fine-tuning these models on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Vin Sachidananda , Jason S. Kessler , Yi-an Lai

The practice of fine-tuning Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) from general or domain-specific data to a specific task with limited resources, has gained popularity within the field of natural language processing (NLP). In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Samuel Belkadi , Lifeng Han , Yuping Wu , Goran Nenadic

In this paper, we investigate the usage of autoencoders in modeling textual data. Traditional autoencoders suffer from at least two aspects: scalability with the high dimensionality of vocabulary size and dealing with task-irrelevant words.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-12-15 Shuangfei Zhai , Zhongfei Zhang

Transfer learning with large pretrained transformer-based language models like BERT has become a dominating approach for most NLP tasks. Simply fine-tuning those large language models on downstream tasks or combining it with task-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Wenjuan Han , Bo Pang , Yingnian Wu

Large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, with an increasing number of domain-specific variants tailored for specialised tasks. However, these models often lack transparency and explainability, can be costly to fine-tune, require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Rasoul Amirzadeh , Dhananjay Thiruvady , Fatemeh Shiri

Annotating and recognizing speech emotion using prompt engineering has recently emerged with the advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet its efficacy and reliability remain questionable. In this paper, we conduct a systematic study…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-01 Yuanchao Li , Yuan Gong , Chao-Han Huck Yang , Peter Bell , Catherine Lai

Large Language Models (LLM) have recently been shown to perform well at various tasks from language understanding, reasoning, storytelling, and information search to theory of mind. In an extension of this work, we explore the ability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Nutchanon Yongsatianchot , Tobias Thejll-Madsen , Stacy Marsella

Multi-label sentiment classification plays a vital role in natural language processing by detecting multiple emotions within a single text. However, existing datasets like GoEmotions often suffer from severe class imbalance, which hampers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Zijin Su , Huanzhu Lyu , Yuren Niu , Yiming Liu

Emotion recognition is a challenging task due to limited availability of in-the-wild labeled datasets. Self-supervised learning has shown improvements on tasks with limited labeled datasets in domains like speech and natural language.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Aparna Khare , Srinivas Parthasarathy , Shiva Sundaram

Large language models (LLMs) excel in natural language processing but adapting these LLMs to speech processing tasks efficiently is not straightforward. Direct task-specific fine-tuning is limited by overfitting risks, data requirements,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Maike Züfle , Jan Niehues