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The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a gravitational wave detector in space. It relies on a post-processing technique named time-delay interferometry (TDI) to suppress the overwhelming laser frequency noise by several orders of…

Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) is the data processing technique that cancels the large laser phase fluctuations affecting the one-way Doppler measurements made by unequal-arm space-based gravitational wave interferometers. By taking finite…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-05-11 Sanjeev Dhurandhar , Prasanna Joshi , Massimo Tinto

With the purpose of understanding how time delay interferometry (TDI) combinations can best be used for the characterisation of LISA instrumental noise, we revisit their laser frequency noise cancellation properties. We have developed an…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-06-17 Martina Muratore , Daniele Vetrugno , Stefano Vitale

LISA is a joint space mission of the ESA and NASA for detecting low frequency gravitational radiation in the band $10^{-5} - 1$ Hz. In order to attain the requisite sensitivity for LISA, the laser frequency noise must be suppressed below…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-13 S. V. Dhurandhar

Spaceborne gravitational wave observatories, exemplified by the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission, are designed to remove laser noise and clock noise from interferometric phase measurements in postprocessing. The planned…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-18 Kohei Yamamoto , Hannah Tomio , Charlotte Zehnder , Kenji Numata , Holly Leopardi

Heterodyne laser phase measurements in a space-based gravitational wave interferometer are degraded by the phase fluctuations of the onboard clocks, resulting in unacceptable sensitivity performance levels of the interferometric data. In…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-08-19 Massimo Tinto , Nan Yu

The time delay interferometry (TDI) is an algorithm proposed to suppress the laser frequency noise in space-borne gravitational wave detectors. As a post-processing technique, it is implemented by constructing a virtual equal arm…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-07-20 Pan-Pan Wang , Wei-Liang Qian , Yu-Jie Tan , Han-Zhong Wu , Cheng-Gang Shao

LISA is an upcoming ESA mission that will detect gravitational waves in space by interferometrically measuring the separation between free-falling test masses at picometer precision. To reach the desired performance, LISA will employ the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-11-23 Lennart Wissel , Olaf Hartwig , Jean-Baptiste Bayle , Martin Staab , Ewan D. Fitzsimons , Martin Hewitson , Gerhard Heinzel

Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) is essential for space-based gravitational wave (GW) missions, as it suppresses laser frequency noise and achieve the required sensitivity. Beyond the standard Michelson configuration, a variety of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-08-05 Gang Wang

Many years of development have gone into producing instruments that meet the required noise performance of the LISA interferometric detection system. Concurrently, software simulations have been used to extensively develop the data analysis…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-06-23 Reid Ferguson , Olaf Hartwig , Guido Mueller

Space-based gravitational wave detectors cannot keep rigid structures and precise arm length equality, so the precise equality of detector arms which is required in a ground-based interferometer to cancel the overwhelming laser noise is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-09-25 Chunyu Zhang , Qing Gao , Yungui Gong , Dicong Liang , Alan J. Weinstein , Chao Zhang

The ongoing development of the space-based laser interferometer missions is aiming at unprecedented gravitational wave detections in the millihertz frequency band. The spaceborne nature of the experimental setups leads to a degree of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-10-04 Pan-Pan Wang , Yu-Jie Tan , Wei-Liang Qian , Cheng-Gang Shao

Time delay interferometry (TDI) is essential for suppressing laser frequency noise and achieving the targeted sensitivity for space-borne gravitational wave (GW) missions. In Paper I, we examined the performance of the fiducial…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-01 Gang Wang

The LISA mission is a space interferometer aiming at the detection of gravitational waves in the [$10^{-4}$,$10^{-1}$] Hz frequency band. In order to reach the gravitational wave detection level, a Time Delay Interferometry (TDI) method…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 S. Pireaux

High-precision interpolation of LISA phase measurements allows signal reconstruction and formulation of Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) combinations to be conducted in post-processing. The reconstruction is based on phase measurements made…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 D. A. Shaddock , B. Ware , R. E. Spero , M. Vallisneri

Space-borne gravitational-wave telescopes are key to extend the observation band below $10\,\mathrm{Hz}$. The use of inter-satellite optical cavities linked by heterodyne interferometry is a promising approach to reach the sensitivity level…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-21 Yutaro Enomoto , Subaru Shibai , Kiwamu Izumi

The LISA mission is the future space-based gravitational wave (GW) observatory of the European Space Agency. It is formed by 3 spacecraft exchanging laser beams in order to form multiple real and virtual interferometers. The data streams to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-09-30 Dam Quang Nam , Yves Lemiere , Antoine Petiteau , Jean-Baptiste Bayle , Olaf Hartwig , Joseph Martino , Martin Staab

Time-delay interferometry (TDI) is a processing step essential for the scientific exploitation of LISA, as it reduces the otherwise overwhelming laser noise in the interferometric measurements. The fundamental idea is to define new…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-06-09 Jean-Baptiste Bayle , Michele Vallisneri , Stanislav Babak , Antoine Petiteau

Tilt-to-length (TTL) coupling is expected to be one of the major noise sources in the interferometric phase readouts in TianQin mission. Arising from the angular motion of spacecraft (SC) and the onboard movable optical subassemblies…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-10-29 Zhizhao Wang , Shuju Yang , Kaihang Wu , Xiaojie Wang , Huizong Duan , Yurong Liang , Xuefeng Zhang , Hsien-Chi Yeh

Laser frequency noise suppression is a critical requirement for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission to detect gravitational waves. The baseline laser stabilization is achieved using cavity pre-stabilization and a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-06-05 Jobin Thomas Valliyakalayil , Andrew Wade , David Rabeling , Jue Zhang , Daniel Shaddock , Kirk McKenzie