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A contraction sequence of a graph consists of iteratively merging two of its vertices until only one vertex remains. The recently introduced twin-width graph invariant is based on contraction sequences. More precisely, if one puts red edges…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Édouard Bonnet , Eun Jung Kim , Amadeus Reinald , Stéphan Thomassé

We show that every connected graph can be approximated by a normal tree, up to some arbitrarily small error phrased in terms of neighbourhoods around its ends. The existence of such approximate normal trees has consequences of both…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-02-05 Jan Kurkofka , Ruben Melcher , Max Pitz

We show that a graph $G$ has a normal spanning tree if and only if its vertex set is the union of countably many sets each separated from any subdivided infinite clique in $G$ by a finite set of vertices. This proves a conjecture by Brochet…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-03-27 Max Pitz

The well-known 1-2-3 Conjecture asserts that the edges of every graph without an isolated edge can be weighted with $1$, $2$ and $3$ so that adjacent vertices receive distinct weighted degrees. This is open in general. We prove that every…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-11-05 Jakub Przybyło

The Graceful Tree Conjecture of Rosa from 1967 asserts that the vertices of each tree T of order n can be injectively labelled by using the numbers {1,2,...,n} in such a way that the absolute differences induced on the edges are pairwise…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-06-23 Anna Adamaszek , Peter Allen , Codrut Grosu , Jan Hladky

Let $d \geq 3$ be a fixed integer. We give an asympotic formula for the expected number of spanning trees in a uniformly random $d$-regular graph with $n$ vertices. (The asymptotics are as $n\to\infty$, restricted to even $n$ if $d$ is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-31 Catherine Greenhill , Matthew Kwan , David Wind

Chung and Graham [J. London Math. Soc., 1983] claimed that there exists an $n$-vertex graph $G$ containing all $n$-vertex trees as subgraphs that has at most $\frac{5}{2}n \log_2 n + O(n)$ edges. We identify an error in their proof. This…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-02 Jaehoon Kim , Minseo Kim

For a labeled tree on the vertex set $\set{1,2,\ldots,n}$, the local direction of each edge $(i\,j)$ is from $i$ to $j$ if $i<j$. For a rooted tree, there is also a natural global direction of edges towards the root. The number of edges…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-03-22 Heesung Shin , Jiang Zeng

In 1995, Koml\'os, S\'ark\"ozy and Szemer\'edi showed that every large $n$-vertex graph with minimum degree at least $(1/2 + \gamma)n$ contains all spanning trees of bounded degree. We consider a generalization of this result to loose…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-03 Yanitsa Pehova , Kalina Petrova

We prove that, if $m$ is sufficiently large, every graph on $m+1$ vertices that has a universal vertex and minimum degree at least $\lfloor \frac{2m}{3} \rfloor$ contains each tree $T$ with $m$ edges as a subgraph. Our result confirms, for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-21 Bruce Reed , Maya Stein

Trees are partial orders in which every element has a linearly ordered set of predecessors. Here we initiate the exploration of the structural theory of trees with the study of different notions of \emph{branching in trees} and of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-01-18 Valentin Goranko , Ruaan Kellerman , Alberto Zanardo

Given a graph $G$ rooted at a vertex $r$ and weight functions, $\gamma, \tau: E(G) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, the generalized cable-trench problem (CTP) is to find a single spanning tree that simultaneously minimizes the sum of the total edge…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-02-12 Mya Davis , Carl Hammarsten , Siddarth Menon , Maria Pasaylo , Dane Sheridan

Halin conjectured 20 years ago that a graph has a normal spanning tree if and only if every minor of it has countable colouring number. We prove Halin's conjecture. This implies a forbidden minor characterisation for the property of having…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-12 Max Pitz

A tree T is invertible if and only if T has a perfect matching. Godsil considers an invertible tree T and finds that the inverse of the adjacency matrix of T has entries in {0, 1, -1} and is the signed adjacency matrix of a graph which…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-03-21 Krystal Guo

An added edge to a graph is called an inset edge. Predicting k inset edges which minimize the average distance of a graph is known to be NP-Hard. When k = 1 the complexity of the problem is polynomial. In this paper, we further find the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-08-14 M. H. Khalifeh , A. -H. Esfahanian

A graph is universally $k$-edge-weightable if for every $k$-element set $Q\subset\mathbb{R}$, it admits a proper $Q$-edge weighting. The settled 1-2-3 conjecture implies that for any arithmetic progression $\{a,b,c\}$, every nice regular…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-16 Kecai Deng

This paper makes two main contributions: The first is the construction of a near-minimum spanning tree with constant average distortion. The second is a general equivalence theorem relating two refined notions of distortion: scaling…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-11-14 Yair Bartal , Arnold Filtser , Ofer Neiman

A graph $G$ is universal for a class of graphs $\mathcal{C}$, if, up to isomorphism, $G$ contains every graph in $\mathcal{C}$ as a subgraph. In 1978, Chung and Graham asked for the minimal number $s(n)$ of edges in a graph with $n$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-27 Julian Becker , Konstantinos Panagiotou , Matija Pasch

By processing all minimal cutsets of a graph G, and by using novel wildcards, all spanning trees of G can be compactly encoded. Surprisingly, a 1986 algorithm of Winter seems to achieve (Conjecture 2) exactly the same compression, although…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Marcel Wild

For any integer $k>0$, a tree $T$ is $k$-cordial if there exists a labeling of the vertices of $T$ by $\mathbb{Z}_k$, inducing edge-weights as the sum modulo $k$ of the labels on incident vertices to a given edge, which furthermore…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-03 Keith Driscoll