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End-to-end autonomous driving systems built on Vision Language Models (VLMs) have shown significant promise, yet their reliance on autoregressive architectures introduces some limitations for real-world applications. The sequential,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Can Cui , Yupeng Zhou , Juntong Peng , Sung-Yeon Park , Zichong Yang , Prashanth Sankaranarayanan , Jiaru Zhang , Ruqi Zhang , Ziran Wang

The advent of foundation models has revolutionized the fields of natural language processing and computer vision, paving the way for their application in autonomous driving (AD). This survey presents a comprehensive review of more than 40…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Haoxiang Gao , Zhongruo Wang , Yaqian Li , Kaiwen Long , Ming Yang , Yiqing Shen

Transformer-based architectures have shown remarkable performance in vision and language tasks but pose unique challenges for safety-critical applications. This paper presents a conceptual framework for integrating Transformers into…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Sven Kirchner , Nils Purschke , Chengdong Wu , Alois Knoll

All-day and all-weather navigation is a critical capability for autonomous driving, which requires proper reaction to varied environmental conditions and complex agent behaviors. Recently, with the rise of deep learning, end-to-end control…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Peide Cai , Sukai Wang , Yuxiang Sun , Ming Liu

Imitation learning is a promising approach to end-to-end training of autonomous vehicle controllers. Typically the driving process with such approaches is entirely automatic and black-box, although in practice it is desirable to control the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-23 Renhao Wang , Adam Scibior , Frank Wood

Autonomous driving presents many challenges due to the large number of scenarios the autonomous vehicle (AV) may encounter. End-to-end deep learning models are comparatively simplistic models that can handle a broad set of scenarios.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Zhongying CuiZhu , Francois Charette , Amin Ghafourian , Debo Shi , Matthew Cui , Anjali Krishnamachar , Iman Soltani

In recent years, vision-based end-to-end autonomous driving has emerged as a new paradigm. However, popular end-to-end approaches typically rely on visual feature extraction networks trained under label supervision. This limited supervision…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Ling Niu , Xiaoji Zheng , Han Wang , Chen Zheng , Ziyuan Yang , Bokui Chen , Jiangtao Gong

Current deep learning based autonomous driving approaches yield impressive results also leading to in-production deployment in certain controlled scenarios. One of the most popular and fascinating approaches relies on learning vehicle…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-08 Luca Cultrera , Lorenzo Seidenari , Federico Becattini , Pietro Pala , Alberto Del Bimbo

Robust trajectory planning under camera viewpoint changes is important for scalable end-to-end autonomous driving. However, existing models often depend heavily on the camera viewpoints seen during training. We investigate an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Hiroki Hashimoto , Hiromichi Goto , Hiroyuki Sugai , Hiroshi Kera , Kazuhiko Kawamoto

Multi-sensor fusion plays a critical role in enhancing perception for autonomous driving, overcoming individual sensor limitations, and enabling comprehensive environmental understanding. This paper first formalizes multi-sensor fusion…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Chuheng Wei , Ziye Qin , Ziyan Zhang , Guoyuan Wu , Matthew J. Barth

The end-to-end learning pipeline is gradually creating a paradigm shift in the ongoing development of highly autonomous vehicles (AVs), largely due to advances in deep learning, the availability of large-scale training datasets, and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Shahin Atakishiyev , Mohammad Salameh , Randy Goebel

End-to-end learning from sensory data has shown promising results in autonomous driving. While employing many sensors enhances world perception and should lead to more robust and reliable behavior of autonomous vehicles, it is challenging…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-09-21 Shihong Fang , Anna Choromanska

End-to-end autonomous driving systems are increasingly integrating Vision-Language Model (VLM) architectures, incorporating text reasoning or visual reasoning to enhance the robustness and accuracy of driving decisions. However, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Lingjun Zhang , Changjie Wu , Linzhe Shi , Jiangyang Li , Jiaxin Liu , Lei Yang , Hang Zhang , Mu Xu , Hong Wang

The emergence of multi-modal foundation models has markedly transformed the technology for autonomous driving, shifting away from conventional and mostly hand-crafted design choices towards unified, foundation-model-based approaches,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Kemal Oksuz , Alexandru Buburuzan , Anthony Knittel , Yuhan Yao , Puneet K. Dokania

Recent breakthroughs in autonomous driving have been propelled by advances in robust world modeling, fundamentally transforming how vehicles interpret dynamic scenes and execute safe decision-making. World models have emerged as a linchpin…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Tuo Feng , Wenguan Wang , Yi Yang

In real-world scenarios, achieving domain adaptation and generalization poses significant challenges, as models must adapt to or generalize across unknown target distributions. Extending these capabilities to unseen multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Hao Dong , Moru Liu , Kaiyang Zhou , Eleni Chatzi , Juho Kannala , Cyrill Stachniss , Olga Fink

End-to-end autonomous driving aims to generate safe and plausible planning policies from raw sensor input. Driving world models have shown great potential in learning rich representations by predicting the future evolution of a driving…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xingtai Gui , Meijie Zhang , Tianyi Yan , Wencheng Han , Jiahao Gong , Feiyang Tan , Cheng-zhong Xu , Jianbing Shen

Recent advances in generative models have sparked exciting new possibilities in the field of autonomous vehicles. Specifically, video generation models are now being explored as controllable virtual testing environments. Simultaneously,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Jiahao Wang , Zhenpei Yang , Yijing Bai , Yingwei Li , Yuliang Zou , Bo Sun , Abhijit Kundu , Jose Lezama , Luna Yue Huang , Zehao Zhu , Jyh-Jing Hwang , Dragomir Anguelov , Mingxing Tan , Chiyu Max Jiang

Multi-modal fusion is a basic task of autonomous driving system perception, which has attracted many scholars' interest in recent years. The current multi-modal fusion methods mainly focus on camera data and LiDAR data, but pay little…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-14 Yan Gong , Jianli Lu , Jiayi Wu , Wenzhuo Liu

With the development of artificial intelligence and breakthroughs in deep learning, large-scale Foundation Models (FMs), such as GPT, Sora, etc., have achieved remarkable results in many fields including natural language processing and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Jianhua Wu , Bingzhao Gao , Jincheng Gao , Jianhao Yu , Hongqing Chu , Qiankun Yu , Xun Gong , Yi Chang , H. Eric Tseng , Hong Chen , Jie Chen