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Mean field games (MFGs) tractably model behavior in large agent populations. The literature on learning MFG equilibria typically focuses on finding Nash equilibria (NE), which assume perfectly rational agents and are hence implausible in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Yannick Eich , Christian Fabian , Kai Cui , Heinz Koeppl

We study multi-player general-sum Markov games with one of the players designated as the leader and the other players regarded as followers. In particular, we focus on the class of games where the followers are myopic, i.e., they aim to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Han Zhong , Zhuoran Yang , Zhaoran Wang , Michael I. Jordan

Systems of competing agents can often be modeled as games. Assuming rationality, the most likely outcomes are given by an equilibrium (e.g. a Nash equilibrium). In many practical settings, games are influenced by context, i.e. additional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Daniel McKenzie , Howard Heaton , Qiuwei Li , Samy Wu Fung , Stanley Osher , Wotao Yin

We study Nash equilibrium learning in partially observable Markov games (POMGs), a multi-agent reinforcement learning framework in which agents cannot fully observe the underlying state. Prior work in this setting relies on centralization…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Philip Jordan , Maryam Kamgarpour

This paper studies policy optimization algorithms for multi-agent reinforcement learning. We begin by proposing an algorithm framework for two-player zero-sum Markov Games in the full-information setting, where each iteration consists of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Runyu Zhang , Qinghua Liu , Huan Wang , Caiming Xiong , Na Li , Yu Bai

In this paper, we solve the problem of learning a generalized Nash equilibrium (GNE) in merely monotone games. First, we propose a novel continuous semi-decentralized solution algorithm without projections that uses first-order information…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-07 Suad Krilašević , Sergio Grammatico

Mean Field Games (MFGs) have the ability to handle large-scale multi-agent systems, but learning Nash equilibria in MFGs remains a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm that achieves…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Zida Wu , Mathieu Lauriere , Samuel Jia Cong Chua , Matthieu Geist , Olivier Pietquin , Ankur Mehta

This paper investigates the challenge of learning in black-box games, where the underlying utility function is unknown to any of the agents. While there is an extensive body of literature on the theoretical analysis of algorithms for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Minbiao Han , Fengxue Zhang , Yuxin Chen

Recent techniques based on Mean Field Games (MFGs) allow the scalable analysis of multi-player games with many similar, rational agents. However, standard MFGs remain limited to homogeneous players that weakly influence each other, and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Kai Cui , Gökçe Dayanıklı , Mathieu Laurière , Matthieu Geist , Olivier Pietquin , Heinz Koeppl

Mean field type games (MFTGs) describe Nash equilibria between large coalitions: each coalition consists of a continuum of cooperative agents who maximize the average reward of their coalition while interacting non-cooperatively with a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Kai Shao , Jiacheng Shen , Mathieu Laurière

Reinforcement learning for multi-agent games has attracted lots of attention recently. However, given the challenge of solving Nash equilibria for large population games, existing works with guaranteed polynomial complexities either focus…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-04 Anran Hu , Junzi Zhang

In this paper, we consider a finite horizon, non-stationary, mean field games (MFG) with a large population of homogeneous players, sequentially making strategic decisions, where each player is affected by other players through an aggregate…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-07 Rajesh K Mishra , Deepanshu Vasal , Sriram Vishwanath

The Unrelated Parallel Machine Scheduling Problem (UPMSP) with release dates, setups, and eligibility constraints presents a significant multi-objective challenge. Traditional methods struggle to balance minimizing Total Weighted Tardiness…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Bulent Soykan , Sean Mondesire , Ghaith Rabadi , Grace Bochenek

Uncertainty estimation for Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a critical component in control tasks where agents must balance safe exploration and efficient learning. While deep neural networks have enabled breakthroughs in RL, they often lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Matthijs van der Lende , Juan Cardenas-Cartagena

Reinforcement learning is a powerful tool to learn the optimal policy of possibly multiple agents by interacting with the environment. As the number of agents grow to be very large, the system can be approximated by a mean-field problem.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-18 Weichen Wang , Jiequn Han , Zhuoran Yang , Zhaoran Wang

Finding Nash equilibria in two-player zero-sum imperfect-information games remains a central challenge in multi-agent reinforcement learning. Recent multi-round regularization methods offer a promising direction, yet existing approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Eason Yu , Tzu Hao Liu , Clément L. Canonne , Yunke Wang , Chang Xu , Nguyen H. Tran , Stefano V. Albrecht

This paper considers the problem of designing optimal algorithms for reinforcement learning in two-player zero-sum games. We focus on self-play algorithms which learn the optimal policy by playing against itself without any direct…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-15 Yu Bai , Chi Jin , Tiancheng Yu

This paper studies approximate solutions to large-scale linear quadratic stochastic games with homogeneous nodal dynamics parameters and heterogeneous network couplings within the graphon mean field game framework in [2]-[4]. A graphon…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-22 Shuang Gao , Peter E. Caines , Minyi Huang

This paper considers the problem of inverse reinforcement learning in zero-sum stochastic games when expert demonstrations are known to be not optimal. Compared to previous works that decouple agents in the game by assuming optimality in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-07 Xingyu Wang , Diego Klabjan

Mean Field Games (MFGs) have been introduced to efficiently approximate games with very large populations of strategic agents. Recently, the question of learning equilibria in MFGs has gained momentum, particularly using model-free…