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Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables two remote parties to share encryption keys with information-theoretic security guaranteed by physical laws. Side-channel-secure QKD (SCS-QKD) has attracted considerable attention because it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Yang Zhou , Jing-Yang Liu , Chun-Hui Zhang , Chun-Wang Yi , Teng-Wen Jiang , Le-Chen Xu , Qin Wang

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows for communication with security guaranteed by quantum theory. The main theoretical problem in QKD is to calculate the secret key rate for a given protocol. Analytical formulas are known for protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-24 Patrick J. Coles , Eric M. Metodiev , Norbert Lütkenhaus

In this paper we report a continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol using multimode coherent states generated on subcarrier frequencies of the optical spectrum. To detect the quadrature components of bosonic field we propose a…

A high-speed Gaussian modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) with a local local oscillator (LLO) is experimentally demonstrated based on pilot-tone-assisted phase compensation. In the proposed scheme, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-22 Heng Wang , Yaodi Pi , Wei Huang , Yang Li , Yun Shao , Jie Yang , Jinlu Liu , Chenlin Zhang , Yichen Zhang , Bingjie Xu

Advances in quantum physics and computational complexity threaten the security of present day cryptographic systems and have driven the development of quantum key distribution (QKD). Entangled quantum key distribution (EQKD) is a secure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-09-08 Patrick Rice , Israel J. Owens

Continuous-variable quantum secret sharing (CVQSS) is a promising approach to ensuring multi-party information security. While CVQSS offers practical ease of implementation, its present performance remains limited. In this paper, we propose…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-14 Qin Liao , Chong Tang , Qingquan Peng , Chao Ding , Lingjin Zhu , Yijun Wang , Xiquan Fu

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) supports the negotiation and sharing of private keys with unconditional security between authorized parties. Over the years, theoretical advances and experimental demonstrations have successfully transitioned…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-17 Haoran Zhang , Haotao Zhu , Ruihua He , Yan Zhang , Chao Ding , Lajos Hanzo , Weibo Gao

We present a protocol for quantum key distribution using discrete modulation of coherent states of light. Information is encoded in the variable phase of coherent states which can be chosen from a regular discrete set ranging from binary to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Denis Sych , Gerd Leuchs

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) is the only known QKD scheme that can completely overcome the problem of detection side-channel attacks. Yet, despite its practical importance, there is no standard approach…

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD), leaving the detection procedure to the third partner and thus being immune to all detector side-channel attacks, is very promising for the construction of high-security…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-05-02 Xiang-Chun Ma , Shi-Hai Sun , Mu-Sheng Jiang , Ming Gui , Lin-Mei Liang

Quantum key distribution (QKD), a technology that enables perfectly secure communication, has evolved to the stage where many different protocols are being used in real-world implementations. Each protocol has its own advantages, meaning…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-14 G. L. Roberts , M. Lucamarini , J. F. Dynes , S. J. Savory , Z. L. Yuan , A. J. Shields

In contrast to classical public-key cryptosystems, where the security of encoded messages relies on on computational assumptions, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables two distant parties to establish a shared secret key that, when…

We present a continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol combining a discrete modulation and reverse reconciliation. This protocol is proven unconditionally secure and allows the distribution of secret keys over long distances,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-03-15 Anthony Leverrier , Philippe Grangier

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables two parties to establish a secret key over a potentially hostile channel by exchanging photonic quantum states, relying on the fact that it is impossible for an eavesdropper to tap the quantum channel…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-10-24 Jacob Mower , F. N. C. Wong , Jeff H. Shapiro , Dirk Englund

Quantum key distribution (QKD) which enables information-theoretically security is now heading towards quantum secure networks. It requires high-performance and cost-effective protocols while increasing the number of users. Unfortunately,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-07 Yiming Bian , Yi-Chen Zhang , Chao Zhou , Song Yu , Zhengyu Li , Hong Guo

Continuous variable-quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) protocols attract increasing attentions in recent years because they enjoy high secret key rate (SKR) and good compatibility with existing optical communication infrastructure. Classical…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-25 Renzhi Yuan , Zhixing Wang , Shouye Miao , Mufei Zhao , Haifeng Yao , Bin Cao , Mugen Peng

Continuous-variable (CV) codes and their application in quantum communication have attracted increasing attention. In particular, one typical CV codes, cat-codes, has already been experimentally created using trapped atoms in cavities with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 Pei-Zhe Li , William J. Munro , Kae Nemoto , Nicoló Lo Piparo

We consider a continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol over free-space channels, which is simpler and more robust than typical CV QKD protocols. It uses a bright laser, squeezed and modulated in the amplitude…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-14 Nedasadat Hosseinidehaj , Matthew S. Winnel , Timothy C. Ralph

In comparison to conventional discrete-variable (DV) quantum key distribution (QKD), continuous-variable (CV) QKD with homodyne/heterodyne measurements has distinct advantages of lower-cost implementation and affinity to wavelength division…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-18 Takaya Matsuura , Kento Maeda , Toshihiko Sasaki , Masato Koashi

Semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocols attempt to establish a shared secret key between users, secure against computationally unbounded adversaries. Unlike standard quantum key distribution protocols, SQKD protocols contain at least…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-22 Saachi Mutreja , Walter O. Krawec