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While 5G networks are already being deployed for commercial applications, Academia and industry are focusing their effort on the development and standardization of the next generations of mobile networks, i.e., 5G-Advance and 6G. Beyond 5G…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Riccardo Campana , Carla Amatetti , Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli

The integration of Terrestrial Networks (TNs) with Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) poses unique architectural and functional challenges due to heterogeneous propagation conditions, dynamic topologies and limited on-board processing…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Jorge Baranda , Marius Caus , Luis Blanco , Cristian J. Vaca-Rubio , Engin Zeydan , Kapal Dev , Zheng Li , Tomaso DeCola

The rapid growth of non-terrestrial communication necessitates its integration with existing terrestrial networks, as highlighted in 3GPP Releases 16 and 17. This paper analyses the concept of functional splits in 3D-Networks. To manage…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-08 MohammadAmin Vakilifard , Tim Düe , Mohammad Rihan , Maik Röper , Dirk Wübben , Carsten Bockelmann , Armin Dekorsy

Terrestrial networks form the fundamental infrastructure of modern communication systems, serving more than 4 billion users globally. However, terrestrial networks are facing a wide range of challenges, from coverage and reliability to…

The efforts on the development, standardization and improvements to communication systems towards 5G Advanced and 6G are on track to provide benefits such as an unprecedented level of connectivity and performance, enabling a diverse range…

Non-terrestrial network (NTN) is envisioned as a critical component of Sixth Generation (6G) networks by enabling ubiquitous services and enhancing network resilience. However, the inherent mobility and high-altitude operation of NTN pose…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Jikang Deng , S. Fizza Hassan , Hui Zhou , Saad Al-Ahmadi , Mohamed-Slim Alouini , Daniel B. Da Costa

This paper investigates the integration of Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) within non-terrestrial networks (NTN), and optimizing the dynamic functional split between Centralized Units (CU) and Distributed Units (DU) for enhanced energy…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-04 S. M. Mahdi Shahabi , Xiaonan Deng , Ahmad Qidan , Taisir Elgorashi , Jaafar Elmirghani

Innovation and standardization in 5G have brought advancements to every facet of the cellular architecture. This ranges from the introduction of new frequency bands and signaling technologies for the radio access network (RAN), to a core…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Michele Polese , Mischa Dohler , Falko Dressler , Melike Erol-Kantarci , Rittwik Jana , Raymond Knopp , Tommaso Melodia

The integration of Terrestrial Networks (TN) and Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) plays a crucial role in bridging the digital divide and enabling Sixth Generation (6G) and beyond to achieve truly ubiquitous connectivity. However, combining…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Muhammad Ali Jamshed , Malik Muhammad Saad , Muhammad Ahmed Mohsin , Dongkyun Kim , Octavia A. Dobre , Halim Yanikomeroglu , Lina Mohjazi

Sixth-Generation (6G) technologies will revolutionize the wireless ecosystem by enabling the delivery of futuristic services through terrestrial and non-terrestrial transmissions. In this context, the Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) is…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Giuseppe Araniti , Antonio Iera , Sara Pizzi , Federica Rinaldi

6th generation (6G) communication research is currently focusing on non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) to promote ubiquitous and ultra-high-capacity global connectivity. Specifically, multi-layered hierarchical networks, i.e., the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Dengke Wang , Marco Giordani , Mohamed-Slim Alouini , Michele Zorzi

Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) traditionally have certain limited applications. However, the recent technological advancements and manufacturing cost reduction opened up myriad applications of NTNs for 5G and beyond networks, especially…

The collaborative research project 6G-ANNA develops concepts for the 6G radio access network (RAN) architecture and technology components. Previous RAN generations have become inherently more complex and reach their limits in handling…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Peter Schefczik , Umar Toseef , Paolo Baracca , Ralf Klotsche , Torsten Dudda , Mai-Anh Phan , Lorenzo Miretti , David Ginthoer , Bin Han

The International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2030 framework recently adopted by the International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) envisions 6G networks to deliver intelligent, seamless connectivity that…

Universal connectivity has been part of past and current generations of wireless systems, but as we approach 6G, the subject of social responsibility is being built as a core component. Given the advent of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN),…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Muhammad Ali Jamshed , Aryan Kaushik , Miguel Dajer , Alessandro Guidotti , Fanny Parzysz , Eva Lagunas , Marco Di Renzo , Symeon Chatzinotas , Octavia A. Dobre

Radio Access Network (RAN) disaggregation is emerging as a key trend in beyond 5G, as it offers new opportunities for more flexible deployments and intelligent network management. A relevant problem in disaggregated RAN is the functional…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Jordi Pérez-Romero , Oriol Sallent , David Campoy , Antoni Gelonch , Xavier Gelabert , Bleron Klaiqi

Many organizations recognize non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) as a key component to provide cost-effective and high-capacity connectivity in future 6th generation (6G) wireless networks. Despite this premise, there are still many questions…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Marco Giordani , Michele Zorzi

Current network access infrastructures are characterized by heterogeneity, low latency, high throughput, and high computational capability, enabling massive concurrent connections and various services. Unfortunately, this design does not…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Nhu-Ngoc Dao , Quoc-Viet Pham , Ngo Hoang Tu , Tran Thien Thanh , Vo Nguyen Quoc Bao , Demeke Shumeye Lakew , Sungrae Cho

In this paper, we propose the concept of AIO-RAN-NTN, a unified all-in-one Radio Access Network (RAN) for Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs), built on an open architecture that leverages open interfaces and artificial intelligence (AI)-based…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-18 Tri Nhu Do

Cellular Radio Access Networks (RANs) are rapidly evolving towards 6G, driven by the need to reduce costs and introduce new revenue streams for operators and enterprises. In this context, AI emerges as a key enabler in solving complex RAN…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ganesh Ananthanarayanan , Matthew Balkwill , Xenofon Foukas , Zhihua Lai , Bozidar Radunovic , Connor Settle , Yongguang Zhang
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