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This paper presents a comprehensive survey of research works on the topic of form understanding in the context of scanned documents. We delve into recent advancements and breakthroughs in the field, highlighting the significance of language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Abdelrahman Abdallah , Daniel Eberharter , Zoe Pfister , Adam Jatowt

Large language models and deep learning models designed for code intelligence have revolutionized the software engineering field due to their ability to perform various code-related tasks. These models can process source code and software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Ali Asgari , Milan de Koning , Pouria Derakhshanfar , Annibale Panichella

Code summarization generates brief natural language descriptions of source code pieces, which can assist developers in understanding code and reduce documentation workload. Recent neural models on code summarization are trained and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Rui Xie , Tianxiang Hu , Wei Ye , Shikun Zhang

Determining whether a program terminates is a core challenge in program analysis with direct implications for correctness, verification, and security. We investigate whether transformer architectures can recognise termination patterns…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Yoav Alon , Cristina David

Automating code documentation through explanatory text can prove highly beneficial in code understanding. Large Language Models (LLMs) have made remarkable strides in Natural Language Processing, especially within software engineering tasks…

Code summaries help developers comprehend programs and reduce their time to infer the program functionalities during software maintenance. Recent efforts resort to deep learning techniques such as sequence-to-sequence models for generating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Shuzheng Gao , Cuiyun Gao , Yulan He , Jichuan Zeng , Lun Yiu Nie , Xin Xia , Michael R. Lyu

Large-scale learning of transformer language models has yielded improvements on a variety of natural language understanding tasks. Whether they can be effectively adapted for summarization, however, has been less explored, as the learned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Andrew Hoang , Antoine Bosselut , Asli Celikyilmaz , Yejin Choi

Code summarization and generation empower conversion between programming language (PL) and natural language (NL), while code translation avails the migration of legacy code from one PL to another. This paper introduces PLBART, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Wasi Uddin Ahmad , Saikat Chakraborty , Baishakhi Ray , Kai-Wei Chang

In real world, large language models (LLMs) can serve as the assistant to help users accomplish their jobs, and also support the development of advanced applications. For the wide application of LLMs, the inference efficiency is an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Yushuo Chen , Tianyi Tang , Erge Xiang , Linjiang Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Jing Wang , Yunpeng Chai , Ji-Rong Wen

Code execution is a fundamental aspect of programming language semantics that reflects the exact behavior of the code. However, most pre-trained models for code intelligence ignore the execution trace and only rely on source code and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Chenxiao Liu , Shuai Lu , Weizhu Chen , Daxin Jiang , Alexey Svyatkovskiy , Shengyu Fu , Neel Sundaresan , Nan Duan

Source code summarizing is a task of writing short, natural language descriptions of source code behavior during run time. Such summaries are extremely useful for software development and maintenance but are expensive to manually…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-03 Vivek Gupta

State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as an efficient alternative to the transformer architecture. Recent studies show that SSMs can match or surpass Transformers on code understanding tasks, such as code retrieval, when trained under…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Jiali Wu , Abhinav Anand , Shweta Verma , Mira Mezini

Language models have proven successful across a wide range of software engineering tasks, but their significant computational costs often hinder their practical adoption. To address this challenge, researchers have begun applying various…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Giordano d'Aloisio , Luca Traini , Federica Sarro , Antinisca Di Marco

Code LLMs have become extremely popular recently for modeling source code across a variety of tasks, such as generation, translation, and summarization. However, transformer-based models are limited in their capabilities to reason through…

Source code summarization is the task of generating a high-level natural language description for a segment of programming language code. Current neural models for the task differ in their architecture and the aspects of code they consider.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Moiz Rauf , Sebastian Padó , Michael Pradel

Large Language Models (LLM) are a new class of computation engines, "programmed" via prompt engineering. We are still learning how to best "program" these LLMs to help developers. We start with the intuition that developers tend to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Toufique Ahmed , Kunal Suresh Pai , Premkumar Devanbu , Earl T. Barr

Source code summarization of a subroutine is the task of writing a short, natural language description of that subroutine. The description usually serves in documentation aimed at programmers, where even brief phrase (e.g. "compresses data…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Aakash Bansal , Sakib Haque , Collin McMillan

In recent years, the rise of deep learning and automation requirements in the software industry has elevated Intelligent Software Engineering to new heights. The number of approaches and applications in code understanding is growing, with…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Ruoting Wu , Yuxin Zhang , Qibiao Peng , Liang Chen , Zibin Zheng

We assess how the code reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs) generalize to different kinds of programs. We present techniques for obtaining in- and out-of-distribution programs with different characteristics: code sampled from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Rem Yang , Julian Dai , Nikos Vasilakis , Martin Rinard

Transformers have gained popularity in the software engineering (SE) literature. These deep learning models are usually pre-trained through a self-supervised objective, meant to provide the model with basic knowledge about a language of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Rosalia Tufano , Luca Pascarella , Gabriele Bavota