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Artificial intelligence systems have achieved remarkable capability in natural language processing, perception and decision-making tasks. However, their behaviour often remains opaque and difficult to verify, limiting their applicability in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Arshad Beg , Diarmuid O'Donoghue , Rosemary Monahan

Proof-oriented programs mix computational content with proofs of program correctness. However, the human effort involved in programming and proving is still substantial, despite the use of Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers to…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Saikat Chakraborty , Gabriel Ebner , Siddharth Bhat , Sarah Fakhoury , Sakina Fatima , Shuvendu Lahiri , Nikhil Swamy

Advancement in Large Language Models (LLMs) reasoning capabilities enables them to solve scientific problems with enhanced efficacy. Thereby, a high-quality benchmark for comprehensive and appropriate assessment holds significance, while…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have displayed astonishing abilities in various tasks, especially in text generation, classification, question answering, etc. However, the reasoning ability of LLMs still faces many debates. The inherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Jiarui Yao , Ruida Wang , Tong Zhang

Autoformalization has emerged as a term referring to the automation of formalization - specifically, the formalization of mathematics using interactive theorem provers (proof assistants). Its rapid development has been driven by progress in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Agnieszka Mensfelt , David Tena Cucala , Santiago Franco , Angeliki Koutsoukou-Argyraki , Vince Trencsenyi , Kostas Stathis

Neural networks are increasingly used to support decision-making. To verify their reliability and adaptability, researchers and practitioners have proposed a variety of tools and methods for tasks such as NN code verification, refactoring,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Nadia Daoudi , Jordi Cabot

Although most of the automated theorem-proving approaches depend on formal proof systems, informal theorem proving can align better with large language models' (LLMs) strength in natural language processing. In this work, we identify a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yunhe Li , Hao Shi , Bowen Deng , Wei Wang , Mengzhe Ruan , Hanxu Hou , Zhongxiang Dai , Siyang Gao , Chao Wang , Shuang Qiu , Linqi Song

Autoformalization plays a crucial role in formal mathematical reasoning by enabling the automatic translation of natural language statements into formal languages. While recent advances using large language models (LLMs) have shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Lan Zhang , Marco Valentino , Andre Freitas

Codifying mathematical theories in a proof assistant or computer algebra system is a challenging task, of which the most difficult part is, counterintuitively, structuring definitions. This results in a steep learning curve for new users…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Alena Gusakov , Peter Nelson , Stephen Watt

We present AutoformBot, a multi-agent system for building an Autoformalized Textbook Library At Scale (Atlas) in Lean 4. AutoformBot orchestrates thousands of LLM agents, equipped with formal verification tools, dependency-aware task…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ahmad Rammal , Niket Patel , Fabian Gloeckle , Amaury Hayat , Julia Kempe , Remi Munos , Charles Arnal , Vivien Cabannes

Collaborative filtering is one of the most popular techniques in designing recommendation systems, and its most representative model, matrix factorization, has been wildly used by researchers and the industry. However, this model suffers…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Yixin Su , Sarah Monazam Erfani , Rui Zhang

Reasoning is essential for closed-domain QA systems in which procedural correctness and policy compliance are critical. While large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance on many reasoning tasks, recent work reveals that their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Tuan Bui , An Nguyen , Phat Thai , Minh Hua , Ngan Pham L. N. , Ngan Pham T. B. , Dung Le , Long Nguyen , Thanh-Tung Tran , Thang Bui , Tho Quan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of natural language processing and reasoning tasks. However, their performance in the foundational domain of arithmetic remains unsatisfactory. When…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Junyu Lai , Jiahe Xu , Yao Yang , Yunpeng Huang , Chun Cao , Jingwei Xu

Formal proofs are challenging to write even for experienced experts. Recent progress in Neural Theorem Proving (NTP) shows promise in expediting this process. However, the formal corpora available on the Internet are limited compared to the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Shaonan Wu , Shuai Lu , Yeyun Gong , Nan Duan , Ping Wei

Large language models (LLMs) for formal theorem proving have become a prominent research focus. At present, the proving ability of these LLMs is mainly evaluated through proof pass rates on datasets such as miniF2F. However, this evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Jianyu Zhang , Yongwang Zhao , Long Zhang , Jilin Hu , Xiaokun Luan , Zhiwei Xu , Feng Yang

Reliable verification of proofs remains a bottleneck for training and evaluating AI systems on hard mathematical reasoning. Fully formal proofs, in languages like Lean, are easy to verify because they are unambiguous and modular. Most…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Slim Barkallah , Luke Bailey , Kaiyue Wen , Mohammed Abouzaid , Tengyu Ma

Methods: This work introduces a method supporting the collaborative definition of machine learning tasks by leveraging model-based engineering in the formalization of the systems modeling language SysML. The method supports the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Simon Raedler , Juergen Mangler , Stefanie Rinderle-Ma

The ongoing development of Lean 4's Mathlib has produced a macroscopic structural complexity that interweaves logical, mathematical, and infrastructural dependencies. We present a network analysis of this library, extracting its dependency…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Xinze Li , Nanyun Peng , Simone Severini , Patrick Shafto

Verifying mathematical proofs is difficult, but can be automated with the assistance of a computer. Autoformalization is the task of automatically translating natural language mathematics into a formal language that can be verified by a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Nilay Patel , Rahul Saha , Jeffrey Flanigan

Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) are beginning to dominate the discourse around automatic code generation with natural language specifications. In contrast, the best-performing synthesizers in the domain of formal synthesis with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yixuan Li , Julian Parsert , Elizabeth Polgreen