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Negation is a common and important semantic feature in natural language, yet Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle when negation is involved in natural language understanding tasks. Commonsense knowledge, on the other hand, despite being a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zijie Wang , MohammadHossein Rezaei , Farzana Rashid , Eduardo Blanco

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely studied for their ability to store and utilize positive knowledge. However, negative knowledge, such as "lions don't live in the ocean", is also ubiquitous in the world but rarely mentioned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Jiangjie Chen , Wei Shi , Ziquan Fu , Sijie Cheng , Lei Li , Yanghua Xiao

Negation has been shown to be a major bottleneck for masked language models, such as BERT. However, whether this finding still holds for larger-sized auto-regressive language models (``LLMs'') has not been studied comprehensively. With the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Thinh Hung Truong , Timothy Baldwin , Karin Verspoor , Trevor Cohn

Negations are key to determining sentence meaning, making them essential for logical reasoning. Despite their importance, negations pose a substantial challenge for large language models (LLMs) and remain underexplored. We constructed and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Tereza Vrabcová , Marek Kadlčík , Petr Sojka , Michal Štefánik , Michal Spiegel

We study how Large Language Models (LLMs) process negation mechanistically. First, we establish that even though open-weight models often provide wrong answers to questions involving negation, they do possess internal components that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Zhejian Zhou , Tianyi Zhou , Robin Jia , Jonathan May

In this work, we measure the impact of affixal negation on modern English large language models (LLMs). In affixal negation, the negated meaning is expressed through a negative morpheme, which is potentially challenging for LLMs as their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Thinh Hung Truong , Yulia Otmakhova , Karin Verspoor , Trevor Cohn , Timothy Baldwin

Many practical vision-language applications require models that understand negation, e.g., when using natural language to retrieve images which contain certain objects but not others. Despite advancements in vision-language models (VLMs)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Kumail Alhamoud , Shaden Alshammari , Yonglong Tian , Guohao Li , Philip Torr , Yoon Kim , Marzyeh Ghassemi

Negation is a core construction in natural language. Despite being very successful on many tasks, state-of-the-art pre-trained language models often handle negation incorrectly. To improve language models in this regard, we propose to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Arian Hosseini , Siva Reddy , Dzmitry Bahdanau , R Devon Hjelm , Alessandro Sordoni , Aaron Courville

Large language models (LLMs) are the result of a massive experiment in bottom-up, data-driven reverse engineering of language at scale. Despite their utility in a number of downstream NLP tasks, ample research has shown that LLMs are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Walid S. Saba

Negation is a fundamental linguistic phenomenon that can entirely reverse the meaning of a sentence. As vision language models (VLMs) continue to advance and are deployed in high-stakes applications, assessing their ability to comprehend…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yuhui Zhang , Yuchang Su , Yiming Liu , Serena Yeung-Levy

We examine the ability of large language models (LLMs) to generate salient (interesting) negative statements about real-world entities; an emerging research topic of the last few years. We probe the LLMs using zero- and k-shot unconstrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Hiba Arnaout , Simon Razniewski

Negation is a fundamental linguistic phenomenon that poses ongoing challenges for Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in tasks requiring deep semantic understanding. Current benchmarks often treat negation as a minor detail within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yeonkyoung So , Gyuseong Lee , Sungmok Jung , Joonhak Lee , JiA Kang , Sangho Kim , Jaejin Lee

Resolving semantic ambiguity has long been recognised as a central challenge in the field of Machine Translation. Recent work on benchmarking translation performance on ambiguous sentences has exposed the limitations of conventional Neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Vivek Iyer , Pinzhen Chen , Alexandra Birch

Language models (LMs) trained on large amounts of data have shown impressive performance on many NLP tasks under the zero-shot and few-shot setup. Here we aim to better understand the extent to which such models learn commonsense knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Xiang Lorraine Li , Adhiguna Kuncoro , Jordan Hoffmann , Cyprien de Masson d'Autume , Phil Blunsom , Aida Nematzadeh

The zero-shot capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) has enabled highly flexible, reference-free metrics for various tasks, making LLM evaluators common tools in NLP. However, the robustness of these LLM evaluators remains relatively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Rickard Stureborg , Dimitris Alikaniotis , Yoshi Suhara

Large Language Model (LLM) evaluation is currently one of the most important areas of research, with existing benchmarks proving to be insufficient and not completely representative of LLMs' various capabilities. We present a curated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Aisha Khatun , Daniel G. Brown

Ambiguity in natural language poses significant challenges to Large Language Models (LLMs) used for open-domain question answering. LLMs often struggle with the inherent uncertainties of human communication, leading to misinterpretations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Aryan Keluskar , Amrita Bhattacharjee , Huan Liu

The logical negation property (LNP), which implies generating different predictions for semantically opposite inputs, is an important property that a trustworthy language model must satisfy. However, much recent evidence shows that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-12 Myeongjun Jang , Frank Mtumbuka , Thomas Lukasiewicz

Understanding and solving complex reasoning tasks is vital for addressing the information needs of a user. Although dense neural models learn contextualised embeddings, they still underperform on queries containing negation. To understand…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Roxana Petcu , Samarth Bhargav , Maarten de Rijke , Evangelos Kanoulas

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing and hold growing promise for advancing science, healthcare, and decision-making. Yet their training paradigms remain dominated by affirmation-based inference, akin to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Peter B. Walker , Hannah Davidson , Aiden Foster , Matthew Lienert , Thomas Pardue , Dale Russell
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