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Related papers: Function Vectors in Large Language Models

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In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for easily adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to various tasks. However, our understanding of how ICL works remains limited. We explore a simple model of ICL in a controlled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Omar Naim , Guilhem Fouilhé , Nicholas Asher

In-context learning (ICL) enables large language models (LLMs) to adapt to new tasks without weight updates by learning from demonstration sequences. While ICL shows strong empirical performance, its internal representational mechanisms are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Jiachen Jiang , Yuxin Dong , Jinxin Zhou , Zhihui Zhu

The remarkable success of large language models (LLMs) stems from their ability to consolidate vast amounts of knowledge into the memory during pre-training and to retrieve it from the memory during inference, enabling advanced capabilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Shaohua Zhang , Yuan Lin , Hang Li

Vision Large Language Models (VLLMs) usually take input as a concatenation of image token embeddings and text token embeddings and conduct causal modeling. However, their internal behaviors remain underexplored, raising the question of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Houjing Wei , Yuting Shi , Naoya Inoue

Vision-language models (VLMs) extend the conventional large language models by integrating visual data, enabling richer multimodal reasoning and significantly broadens the practical applications of AI. However, including visual inputs also…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Daulet Toibazar , Kesen Wang , Sherif Mohamed , Abdulaziz Al-Badawi , Abdulrahman Alfulayt , Pedro J. Moreno

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) represent a significant leap towards empathetic agents, demonstrating remarkable capabilities in emotion understanding. However, the internal mechanisms governing how LVLMs translate abstract visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Chengsheng Zhang , Chenghao Sun , Zhining Xie , Xinmei Tian

Transformers are ubiquitous in wide tasks. Interpreting their internals is a pivotal goal. Nevertheless, their particular components, feed-forward (FF) blocks, have typically been less analyzed despite their substantial parameter amounts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Goro Kobayashi , Tatsuki Kuribayashi , Sho Yokoi , Kentaro Inui

Large language models (LMs) are capable of in-context learning from a few demonstrations (example-label pairs) to solve new tasks during inference. Despite the intuitive importance of high-quality demonstrations, previous work has observed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Junyi Tao , Xiaoyin Chen , Nelson F. Liu

The capabilities of transformer networks such as ChatGPT and other Large Language Models (LLMs) have captured the world's attention. The crucial computational mechanism underlying their performance relies on transforming a complete input…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Lyle Muller , Patricia S. Churchland , Terrence J. Sejnowski

In Large Visual Language Models (LVLMs), the efficacy of In-Context Learning (ICL) remains limited by challenges in cross-modal interactions and representation disparities. To overcome these challenges, we introduce a novel Visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Yucheng Zhou , Xiang Li , Qianning Wang , Jianbing Shen

In large language models (LLM), in-context learning (ICL) refers to performing new tasks by conditioning on small demonstrations provided in the input context. Recent advances in visual in-context learning (VICL) demonstrate promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Shao-Jun Xia , Huixin Zhang , Zhengzhong Tu

Large-scale generative language and vision-language models (LLMs and VLMs) excel in few-shot learning but require high-quality demonstrations. We propose In-Context Abstraction Learning (ICAL), enabling VLM agents to transform suboptimal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Gabriel Sarch , Lawrence Jang , Michael J. Tarr , William W. Cohen , Kenneth Marino , Katerina Fragkiadaki

We investigate the mechanisms underlying a range of list-processing tasks in LLMs, and we find that LLMs have learned to encode a compact, causal representation of a general filtering operation that mirrors the generic "filter" function of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Arnab Sen Sharma , Giordano Rogers , Natalie Shapira , David Bau

Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited an impressive ability to perform In-Context Learning (ICL) from only a few examples. Recent works have indicated that the functions learned by ICL can be represented through compressed vectors…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Dongfang Li , Zhenyu Liu , Xinshuo Hu , Zetian Sun , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

Latent Action Models (LAMs) have rapidly gained traction as an important component in the pre-training pipelines of leading Vision-Language-Action models. However, they fail when observations contain action-correlated distractors, often…

In recent years, pre-trained large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in achieving an inference-time few-shot learning capability known as in-context learning. However, existing literature has highlighted the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Xinyi Wang , Wanrong Zhu , Michael Saxon , Mark Steyvers , William Yang Wang

While large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable success in multilingual translation, their internal core translation mechanisms, even at the fundamental word level, remain insufficiently understood. To address this critical gap,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Hongbin Zhang , Kehai Chen , Xuefeng Bai , Xiucheng Li , Yang Xiang , Min Zhang

The use of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) in automated driving applications is becoming increasingly common, with the aim of leveraging their reasoning and generalisation capabilities to handle long tail scenarios. However, these models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Nikos Theodoridis , Reenu Mohandas , Ganesh Sistu , Anthony Scanlan , Ciarán Eising , Tim Brophy

A major reason behind the recent success of large language models (LLMs) is their \textit{in-context learning} capability, which makes it possible to rapidly adapt them to downstream text-based tasks by prompting them with a small number of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Keunwoo Peter Yu , Zheyuan Zhang , Fengyuan Hu , Shane Storks , Joyce Chai

Recent studies suggest that transformer-based vision-language models (VLMs) capture the multimodality of concept processing in the human brain. However, a systematic evaluation exploring different types of VLM architectures and the role…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Anna Bavaresco , Marianne de Heer Kloots , Sandro Pezzelle , Raquel Fernández