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Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise high energy efficiency, particularly with time-to-first-spike (TTFS) encoding, which maximizes sparsity by emitting at most one spike per neuron. However, such energy advantage is often unrealized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Zhanglu Yan , Jiayi Mao , Qianhui Liu , Fanfan Li , Gang Pan , Tao Luo , Bowen Zhu , Weng-Fai Wong

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) represent the latest generation of neural computation, offering a brain-inspired alternative to conventional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Unlike ANNs, which depend on continuous-valued signals, SNNs…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Sales G. Aribe

Eye-based emotion recognition enables eyewear devices to perceive users' emotional states and support emotion-aware interaction. However, deploying such functionality on their resource-limited embedded hardware remains challenging.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Qianhui Liu , Jing Yang , Miao Yu , Trevor E. Carlson , Gang Pan , Haizhou Li , Zhumin Chen

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are known as a typical kind of brain-inspired models with their unique features of rich neuronal dynamics, diverse coding schemes and low power consumption properties. How to obtain a high-accuracy model has…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-03-07 Yihan Lin , Yifan Hu , Shijie Ma , Guoqi Li , Dongjie Yu

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are brain-inspired mathematical models with the ability to process information in the form of spikes. SNNs are expected to provide not only new machine-learning algorithms, but also energy-efficient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-01-16 Yusuke Sakemi , Kai Morino , Takashi Morie , Kazuyuki Aihara

One of the most exciting advancements in AI over the last decade is the wide adoption of ANNs, such as DNN and CNN, in many real-world applications. However, the underlying massive amounts of computation and storage requirement greatly…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-03-15 Tao Liu , Lei Jiang , Yier Jin , Gang Quan , Wujie Wen

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have gained great attraction due to their distinctive properties of low power consumption and fast inference on neuromorphic hardware. As the most effective method to get deep SNNs, ANN-SNN conversion has…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Tong Bu , Wei Fang , Jianhao Ding , PengLin Dai , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), inspired by the brain, are characterized by minimal power consumption and swift inference capabilities on neuromorphic hardware, and have been widely applied to various visual perception tasks. Current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Chengjun Zhang , Yuhao Zhang , Jie Yang , Mohamad Sawan

Efficient communication is central to both biological and artificial intelligence (AI) systems. In biological brains, the challenge of long-range communication across regions is addressed through sparse, spike-based signaling, minimizing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Joshua Nardone , Ruijie Zhu , Joseph Callenes , Mohammed E. Elbtity , Ramtin Zand , Jason Eshraghian

Biological neurons communicate with a sparing exchange of pulses - spikes. It is an open question how real spiking neurons produce the kind of powerful neural computation that is possible with deep artificial neural networks, using only so…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-09-08 Davide Zambrano , Sander M. Bohte

By exploiting discrete signal processing and simulating brain neuron communication, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a low-energy alternative to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). However, existing SNN models, still face high…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Wenxuan Pan , Feifei Zhao , Bing Han , Haibo Tong , Yi Zeng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a more energy-efficient alternative to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) by mimicking biological neural principles, establishing them as a promising approach to mitigate the increasing energy demands of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Velibor Bojković , Xiaofeng Wu , Bin Gu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as an attractive spatio-temporal computing paradigm for complex vision tasks. However, most existing works yield models that require many time steps and do not leverage the inherent temporal…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Gourav Datta , Haoqin Deng , Robert Aviles , Peter A. Beerel

The ambition of brain-inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) is to become a low-power alternative to traditional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This work addresses two major challenges in realizing this vision: the performance gap…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Man Yao , Xuerui Qiu , Tianxiang Hu , Jiakui Hu , Yuhong Chou , Keyu Tian , Jianxing Liao , Luziwei Leng , Bo Xu , Guoqi Li

In this paper, we present an energy-efficient SNN architecture, which can seamlessly run deep spiking neural networks (SNNs) with improved accuracy. First, we propose a conversion aware training (CAT) to reduce ANN-to-SNN conversion loss…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Dongwoo Lew , Kyungchul Lee , Jongsun Park

Spiking Neural Network (SNN), as a brain-inspired and energy-efficient network, is currently facing the pivotal challenge of exploring a suitable and efficient learning framework. The predominant training methodologies, namely…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zecheng Hao , Qichao Ma , Kang Chen , Yi Zhang , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have recently shown strong potential in unimodal visual and textual tasks, yet building a directly trained, low-energy, and high-performance SNN for multimodal applications such as image-text retrieval (ITR)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Xintao Zong , Xian Zhong , Wenxuan Liu , Jianhao Ding , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

Spiking neural network (SNN), as a brain-inspired energy-efficient neural network, has attracted the interest of researchers. While the training of spiking neural networks is still an open problem. One effective way is to map the weight of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Yang Li , Yi Zeng

We propose a novel backpropagation algorithm for training spiking neural networks (SNNs) that encodes information in the relative multiple spike timing of individual neurons without single-spike restrictions. The proposed algorithm inherits…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Kakei Yamamoto , Yusuke Sakemi , Kazuyuki Aihara

Machine learning with artificial neural networks (ANNs), provides solutions for the growing complexity of modern communication systems. This complexity, however, increases power consumption, making the systems energy-intensive. Spiking…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Eike-Manuel Edelmann