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In this note we construct Q-operators for the spin s open Heisenberg XXX chain with diagonal boundaries in the framework of the quantum inverse scattering method. Following the algebraic Bethe ansatz we diagonalise the introduced…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2023-01-04 Rouven Frassek , István M. Szécsényi

A rooted tree module (RTM) $M:=M(T,F)$ over a zero-relation algebra $\Lambda:=\mathcal KQ/\langle\rho\rangle$ over a field $\mathcal K$ is given by the data of a quiver morphism $F:T\to Q$ from a rooted tree $T$ (either with a source or a…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-12 Suraj Mishra , Amit Kuber

We construct a Q-operator for the open XXZ Heisenberg quantum spin chain with diagonal boundary conditions and give a rigorous derivation of Baxter's TQ relation. Key roles in the theory are played by a particular infinite-dimensional…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-10-13 Bart Vlaar , Robert Weston

The string hypothesis of Bethe roots is a cornerstone in the thermodynamic analysis of quantum integrable systems, since it connects root configurations with physical quantities such as the ground-state energy, surface energy and excitation…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Zhouzheng Ji , Pei Sun , Xiaotian Xu , Yi Qiao , Junpeng Cao , Wen-Li Yang

The lattice spin model with $Q$--component discrete spin variables restricted to have orientations orthogonal to the faces of $Q$-dimensional hypercube is considered on the Bethe lattice, the recursive graph which contains no cycles. The…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-25 V. R. Ohanyan , L. N. Ananikyan , N. S. Ananikian

We construct the coordinate Bethe ansatz for all eigenstates of the open spin-$\frac12$ XXZ chain that fulfill the phantom roots criterion (PRC). Under the PRC, the Hilbert space splits into two invariant subspaces and there are two sets of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-02-01 Xin Zhang , Andreas Kluemper , Vladislav Popkov

The Bethe Ansatz is a method for constructing exact eigenstates of quantum-integrable spin chains. Recently, deterministic quantum algorithms, referred to as "algebraic Bethe circuits", have been developed to prepare Bethe states for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-29 Roberto Ruiz , Alejandro Sopena , Esperanza López , Germán Sierra , Balázs Pozsgay

A general method is proposed for constructing the Bethe ansatz equations of integrable models without U(1) symmetry. As an example, the exact spectrum of the XXZ spin ring with M{\" o}bius like topological boundary condition is derived by…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-16 Junpeng Cao , Wen-Li Yang , Kangjie Shi , Yupeng Wang

The formulation and resolution of integrable lattice statistical models in a quantum group covariant way is the subject of this review. The Bethe Ansatz turns to be remarkably useful to implement quantum group symmetries and to provide…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-02-03 H. J. de Vega

We investigate special solutions to the Bethe Ansatz equations (BAE) for open integrable $XXZ$ Heisenberg spin chains containing phantom (infinite) Bethe roots. The phantom Bethe roots do not contribute to the energy of the Bethe state, so…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-03-24 Xin Zhang , Andreas Klümper , Vladislav Popkov

We propose a Bethe-Ansatz-type solution of the open spin-1/2 integrable XXZ quantum spin chain with general integrable boundary terms and bulk anisotropy values i \pi/(p+1), where p is a positive integer. All six boundary parameters are…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-02-16 Rajan Murgan , Rafael I. Nepomechie , Chi Shi

Finding out root patterns of quantum integrable models is an important step to study their physical properties in the thermodynamic limit. Especially for models without $U(1)$ symmetry, their spectra are usually given by inhomogeneous $T-Q$…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2021-11-12 Xiong Le , Yi Qiao , Junpeng Cao , Wen-Li Yang , Kangjie Shi , Yupeng Wang

We develop an efficient method to compute the torus partition function of the six-vertex model exactly for finite lattice size. The method is based on the algebro-geometric approach to the resolution of Bethe ansatz equations initiated in a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-12-04 Jesper Lykke Jacobsen , Yunfeng Jiang , Yang Zhang

We provide two methods of producing the $Q$-operator of XXZ spin chain of higher spin, one for $N$th root-of-unity $q$ with odd $N$ and another for a general $q$, as the generalization of those known in the six-vertex model. In the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Shi-shyr Roan

We review recent results on the Bethe Ansatz solutions for the eigenvalues of the transfer matrix of an integrable open XXZ quantum spin chain using functional relations which the transfer matrix obeys at roots of unity. First, we consider…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Rajan Murgan

We propose a new framework for the nested algebraic Bethe ansatz for a closed, rational spin chain with $\mathfrak{g}$-symmetry for any simple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$. Starting the nesting process by removing a single simple root from…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2024-06-12 Allan John Gerrard

The one-dimensional Heisenberg XXX spin chain appears in a special limit of the AdS/CFT integrable system. We review various ways of proving its integrability, and discuss the associated methods of solution. In particular, we outline the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-05-20 Matthias Staudacher

We demonstrate the existence of special phantom excitations for open and periodically closed integrable systems at the example of the $XXZ$ Heisenberg spin chain. The phantom excitations do not contribute to the energy of the Bethe state…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-10-01 Vladislav Popkov , Xin Zhang , Andreas Klümper

Based on the inhomogeneous T-Q relation constructed via the off-diagonal Bethe Ansatz, a systematic method for retrieving the Bethe-type eigenstates of integrable models without obvious reference state is developed by employing certain…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-07-16 Xin Zhang , Yuan-Yuan Li , Junpeng Cao , Wen-Li Yang , Kangjie Shi , Yupeng Wang

The off-diagonal Bethe ansatz method is generalized to the high spin integrable systems associated with the su(2) algebra by employing the spin-s isotropic Heisenberg chain model with generic integrable boundaries as an example. With the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-19 Junpeng Cao , Shuai Cui , Wen-Li Yang , Kangjie Shi , Yupeng Wang