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Background: Defect prediction in software can be highly beneficial for development projects, when prediction is highly effective and defect-prone areas are predicted correctly. One of the key elements to gain effective software defect…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-03-21 Jarosław Hryszko , Lech Madeyski , Marta Dąbrowska , Piotr Konopka

Code smells represent sub-optimal implementation choices applied by developers when evolving software systems. The negative impact of code smells has been widely investigated in the past: besides developers' productivity and ability to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Gemma Catolino , Fabio Palomba , Francesca Arcelli Fontana , Andrea De Lucia , Andy Zaidman , Filomena Ferrucci

Does the choice of programming language affect energy consumption? Previous highly visible studies have established associations between certain programming languages and energy consumption. A causal misinterpretation of this work has led…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Nicolas van Kempen , Hyuk-Je Kwon , Dung Tuan Nguyen , Emery D. Berger

Code smells are symptoms of poor design and implementation choices, which might hinder comprehension, increase code complexity and fault-proneness and decrease maintainability of software systems. The aim of our study was to perform a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Peter Kokol , Marko Kokol , Sašo Zagoranski

The Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great potential in code-related tasks. However, most research focuses on improving the output quality of LLMs (e.g., correctness), and less attention has been paid to the LLM input (e.g.,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zhipeng Xue , Xiaoting Zhang , Zhipeng Gao , Xing Hu , Shan Gao , Xin Xia , Shanping Li

The aims of this paper are: 1) to identify "worst smells", i.e., bad smells that never have a good reason to exist, 2) to determine the frequency, change-proneness, and severity associated with worst smells, and 3) to identify the "worst…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-18 Davide Falessi , Rick Kazman

Software design smells are design attributes which violate the fundamental design principles. Design smells are a key cause of design debt. Although the activities of design smell identification and measurement are predominantly considered…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Asif Imran , Tevfik Kosar

Test smells are defined as sub-optimal design choices developers make when implementing test cases. Hence, similar to code smells, the research community has produced numerous test smell detection tools to investigate the impact of test…

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have accelerated their adoption in software engineering contexts. However, concerns persist about the structural quality of the code they produce. In particular, LLMs often replicate poor…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Alejandro Velasco , Daniel Rodriguez-Cardenas , Dipin Khati , David N. Palacio , Luftar Rahman Alif , Denys Poshyvanyk

Background. Architectural smells and code smells are symptoms of bad code or design that can cause different quality problems, such as faults, technical debt, or difficulties with maintenance and evolution. Some studies show that code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-04-29 Francesca Arcelli Fontanaa , Valentina Lenarduzzi , Riccardo Roveda , Davide Taibi

The common use case of code smells assumes causality: Identify a smell, remove it, and by doing so improve the code. We empirically investigate their fitness to this use. We present a list of properties that code smells should have if they…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Idan Amit , Nili Ben Ezra , Dror G. Feitelson

Code review that detects and locates defects and other quality issues plays an important role in software quality control. One type of issue that may impact the quality of software is code smells. Yet, little is known about the extent to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Xiaofeng Han , Amjed Tahir , Peng Liang , Steve Counsell , Kelly Blincoe , Bing Li , Yajing Luo

Context: Logging is an important part of modern software projects; logs are used in several tasks such as debugging and testing. Due to the complex nature of logging, it remains a difficult task with several pitfalls that could have serious…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Nyyti Saarimäki , Donghwan Shin , Domenico Bianculli

To ensure the quality of a software system, developers perform an activity known as unit testing, where they write code (known as test cases) that verifies the individual software units that make up the system. Like production code, test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Wajdi Aljedaani , Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer , Anthony Peruma , Stephanie Ludi

One of the prerequisites of any organization is an unvarying sustainability in the dynamic and competitive industrial environment. Development of high quality software is therefore an inevitable constraint of any software industry. Defect…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-04-03 T. R. Gopalakrishnan Nair , V. Suma , Pranesh Kumar Tiwari

During software development, poor design and implementation choices can detrimentally impact software maintainability. Design smells, recurring patterns of poorly designed fragments, signify these issues. Role-stereotypes denote the generic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Daniel Ogenrwot , Joyce Nakatumba-Nabende , John Businge , Michel R. V. Chaudron

Software Energy Consumption(SEC) is gaining more and more attention. In this paper, we tackle the problem of hinting developers about the SEC of their programs in the context of software developments based on Continuous Integration(CI). In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Benjamin Danglot , Jean-Rémy Falleri , Romain Rouvoy

Refactorings are transformations to improve the code design without changing overall functionality and observable behavior. During the refactoring process of smelly test code, practitioners may struggle to identify refactoring candidates…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-08 Luana Martins , Denivan Campos , Railana Santana , Joselito Mota Junior , Heitor Costa , Ivan Machado

Technical debt occurs in many different forms across software artifacts. One such form is connected to software architectures where debt emerges in the form of structural anti-patterns across architecture elements, namely, architecture…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Damian Andrew Tamburri , Francesca Arcelli Fontana , Riccardo Roveda , Valentina Lenarduzzi

In this paper, we present a tertiary systematic literature review of previous surveys, secondary systematic literature reviews, and systematic mappings. We identify the main observations (what we know) and challenges (what we do not know)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Guilherme Lacerda , Fabio Petrillo , Marcelo Pimenta , Yann Gael Gueheneuc