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Large observational datasets, including those derived from electronic health records, are a valuable resource for medical research but are often affected by missingness, measurement error, and misclassification. Two-phase sampling with…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-23 Jasper B. Yang , Bryan E. Shepherd , Thomas Lumley , Pamela A. Shaw

In situations where it is difficult to enroll patients in randomized controlled trials, external data can improve efficiency and feasibility. In such cases, adaptive trial designs could be used to decrease enrollment in the control arm of…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-10-02 Brian D. Segal , W. Katherine Tan

A robot's instantaneous sensory observations do not always reveal task-relevant state information. Under such partial observability, optimal behavior typically involves explicitly acting to gain the missing information. Today's standard…

Active feature acquisition (AFA) is a sequential decision-making problem where the goal is to improve model performance for test instances by adaptively selecting which features to acquire. In practice, AFA methods often learn from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Yuta Kobayashi , Zilin Jing , Jiayu Yao , Hongseok Namkoong , Shalmali Joshi

This paper presents the development of an algorithm, termed the Global-Local Hybrid Surrogate (GLHS), designed to efficiently compute the probability of rare failure events in complex systems. The primary goal is to enhance the accuracy of…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Audrey Gaymann , Juan M. Cardenas , Sung Min Jo , Marco Panesi , Alireza Doostan

The maximum likelihood estimation is computationally demanding for large datasets, particularly when the likelihood function includes integrals. Subsampling can reduce the computational burden, but it often results in efficiency loss.This…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-27 Miaomiao Su , Qihua Wang , Ruoyu Wang

Incremental Learning (IL) allows AI systems to adapt to streamed data. Most existing algorithms make two strong hypotheses which reduce the realism of the incremental scenario: (1) new data are assumed to be readily annotated when streamed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-26 Eden Belouadah , Adrian Popescu , Umang Aggarwal , Léo Saci

Importance sampling (IS) as an elegant and efficient variance reduction (VR) technique for the acceleration of stochastic optimization problems has attracted many researches recently. Unlike commonly adopted stochastic uniform sampling in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-02 Fei Wang , Xiaofeng Gao , Guihai Chen , Jun Ye

Randomized compilation protocols have recently attracted attention as alternatives to traditional deterministic Trotter-Suzuki methods, potentially reducing circuit depth and resource overhead. These protocols determine gate application…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-22 Yun-Zhuo Fan , Yu-Xia Wu , Dan-Bo Zhang

Importance sampling is a Monte Carlo method which designs estimators of expectations under a target distribution using weighted samples from a proposal distribution. When the target distribution is complex, such as multimodal distributions…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-04 Anas Cherradi , Yazid Janati , Alain Durmus , Sylvain Le Corff , Yohan Petetin , Julien Stoehr

Representation learning is a key technique in modern machine learning that enables models to identify meaningful patterns in complex data. However, different methods tend to extract distinct aspects of the data, and relying on a single…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-30 Wenhui Li , Shijin Gong , Xinyu Zhang

The goal of the inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) problem is to recover the reward functions from expert demonstrations. However, the IRL problem like any ill-posed inverse problem suffers the congenital defect that the policy may be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-26 Ce Ju

An essential problem in statistics and machine learning is the estimation of expectations involving PDFs with intractable normalizing constants. The self-normalized importance sampling (SNIS) estimator, which normalizes the IS weights, has…

Computation · Statistics 2024-07-01 Nicola Branchini , Víctor Elvira

Sound event detection is to infer the event by understanding the surrounding environmental sounds. Due to the scarcity of rare sound events, it becomes challenging for the well-trained detectors which have learned too much prior knowledge.…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Chendong Zhao , Jianzong Wang , Leilai Li , Xiaoyang Qu , Jing Xiao

From Physics and Biology to Seismology and Economics, the behaviour of countless systems is determined by impactful yet unlikely transitions between metastable states known as \emph{rare events}, the study of which is essential for…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-07-22 Solomon Asghar , Qing-Xiang Pei , Giorgio Volpe , Ran Ni

Importance Sampling (IS) is a method for approximating expectations under a target distribution using independent samples from a proposal distribution and the associated importance weights. In many applications, the target distribution is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-14 Gabriel Cardoso , Sergey Samsonov , Achille Thin , Eric Moulines , Jimmy Olsson

Frequently one has to search within a finite population for a single particular individual or item with a rare characteristic. Whether an item possesses the characteristic can only be determined by close inspection. The availability of…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-10-23 André J. Hoogstrate , Chris A. J. Klaassen

Learning-based methodologies increasingly find applications in safety-critical domains like autonomous driving and medical robotics. Due to the rare nature of dangerous events, real-world testing is prohibitively expensive and unscalable.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Aman Sinha , Matthew O'Kelly , Russ Tedrake , John Duchi

In this paper, we propose an adaptive algorithm that iteratively updates both the weights and component parameters of a mixture importance sampling density so as to optimise the importance sampling performances, as measured by an entropy…

Computation · Statistics 2009-08-18 Olivier Cappé , Randal Douc , Arnaud Guillin , Jean-Michel Marin , Christian P. Robert

A probabilistic performance-oriented control design optimization approach is introduced for flight systems. Aiming at estimating rare-event probabilities accurately and efficiently, subset simulation is combined with surrogate modeling…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-20 Dalong Shi , Florian Holzapfel