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Two distinct limits for deep learning have been derived as the network width $h\rightarrow \infty$, depending on how the weights of the last layer scale with $h$. In the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) limit, the dynamics becomes linear in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-30 Mario Geiger , Stefano Spigler , Arthur Jacot , Matthieu Wyart

We establish explicit dynamics for neural networks whose training objective has a regularising term that constrains the parameters to remain close to their initial value. This keeps the network in a lazy training regime, where the dynamics…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-21 Eugenio Clerico , Benjamin Guedj

The development of methods to guide the design of neural networks is an important open challenge for deep learning theory. As a paradigm for principled neural architecture design, we propose the translation of high-performing kernels, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-16 James B. Simon , Sajant Anand , Michael R. DeWeese

The study of Neural Tangent Kernels (NTKs) in deep learning has drawn increasing attention in recent years. NTKs typically actively change during training and are related to feature learning. In parallel, recent work on Gradient Descent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Kaiqi Jiang , Jeremy Cohen , Yuanzhi Li

Quantum tangent kernel methods provide an efficient approach to analyzing the performance of quantum machine learning models in the infinite-width limit, which is of crucial importance in designing appropriate circuit architectures for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-10 Li-Wei Yu , Weikang Li , Qi Ye , Zhide Lu , Zizhao Han , Dong-Ling Deng

Natural gradients have been widely studied from both theoretical and empirical perspectives, and it is commonly believed that natural gradients have advantages over standard (Euclidean) gradients in capturing the intrinsic geometric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Qinxun Bai , Steven Rosenberg , Wei Xu

Graph neural networks (GNNs) achieve remarkable performance in graph machine learning tasks but can be hard to train on large-graph data, where their learning dynamics are not well understood. We investigate the training dynamics of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Sanjukta Krishnagopal , Luana Ruiz

The performance of the data-dependent neural tangent kernel (NTK; Jacot et al. (2018)) associated with a trained deep neural network (DNN) often matches or exceeds that of the full network. This implies that DNN training via gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Johannes Schwab , Bryan Kelly , Semyon Malamud , Teng Andrea Xu

Neural operators have recently become popular tools for designing solution maps between function spaces in the form of neural networks. Differently from classical scientific machine learning approaches that learn parameters of a known…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Huaiqian You , Yue Yu , Marta D'Elia , Tian Gao , Stewart Silling

We investigate the connections between neural networks and simple building blocks in kernel space. In particular, using well established feature space tools such as direct sum, averaging, and moment lifting, we present an algebra for…

Deep Equilibrium Models (DEQs) are an interesting class of implicit model where the model output is implicitly defined as the fixed point of a learned function. These models have been shown to outperform explicit (fixed-depth) models in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Sam McCallum , Kamran Arora , James Foster

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are demonstrating remarkable promise in integrating physical models with gappy and noisy observational data, but they still struggle in cases where the target functions to be approximated exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Sifan Wang , Hanwen Wang , Paris Perdikaris

Deep neural networks (NN) have achieved great success in many applications. However, why do deep neural networks obtain good generalization at an over-parameterization regime is still unclear. To better understand deep NN, we establish the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-02 Yueming Lyu , Ivor Tsang

The underlying mechanism of neural networks in capturing precise knowledge has been the subject of consistent research efforts. In this work, we propose a theoretical approach based on Neural Tangent Kernels (NTKs) to investigate such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Xiaobing Sun , Jiaxi Li , Wei Lu

Bounds on the smallest eigenvalue of the neural tangent kernel (NTK) are a key ingredient in the analysis of neural network optimization and memorization. However, existing results require distributional assumptions on the data and are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-24 Kedar Karhadkar , Michael Murray , Guido Montúfar

Recent theoretical work has shown that massively overparameterized neural networks are equivalent to kernel regressors that use Neural Tangent Kernels(NTK). Experiments show that these kernel methods perform similarly to real neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Amnon Geifman , Abhay Yadav , Yoni Kasten , Meirav Galun , David Jacobs , Ronen Basri

A convergence analysis is developed for the regularized Newton method for training neural networks (NNs) in the overparameterized limit. As the number of hidden units tends to infinity, the NN training dynamics converge in probability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Konstantin Riedl , Konstantinos Spiliopoulos , Justin Sirignano

Pruning neural networks before training has received increasing interest due to its potential to reduce training time and memory. One popular method is to prune the connections based on a certain metric, but it is not entirely clear what…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Yite Wang , Dawei Li , Ruoyu Sun

Transformers have become the dominant architecture in modern machine learning, yet the theoretical understanding of their training dynamics remains limited. This paper develops a rigorous mathematical framework for analyzing gradient-based…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-19 Raphaël Barboni , Maarten V. de Hoop , Takashi Furuya , Gabriel Peyré

We show that deep ensembles become equivariant for all inputs and at all training times by simply using data augmentation. Crucially, equivariance holds off-manifold and for any architecture in the infinite width limit. The equivariance is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Jan E. Gerken , Pan Kessel