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Improving our understanding of how information is encoded in vector space can yield valuable interpretability insights. Alongside vector dimensions, we argue that it is possible for the vector norm to also carry linguistic information. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Filip Klubička , John D. Kelleher

Researchers have proposed the use of generative large language models (LLMs) to label data for research and applied settings. This literature emphasizes the improved performance of these models relative to other natural language models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Megan A. Brown , Shubham Atreja , Libby Hemphill , Patrick Y. Wu

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed to generate educational content, a critical safety question arises: can these models reliably estimate the difficulty of the questions they produce? Using Brazil's high-stakes ENEM…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Thiago Brant , Julien Kühn , Jun Pang

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly powerful, traditional evaluation metrics tend to saturate, making it challenging to distinguish between models. We propose a general method to transform existing LLM evaluations into a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 William F. Bradley

This study delves into the capabilities and limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the challenging domain of conditional question-answering. Utilizing the Conditional Question Answering (CQA) dataset and focusing on generative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Syed-Amad Hussain , Parag Pravin Dakle , SaiKrishna Rallabandi , Preethi Raghavan

Large Language Models (LLMs) annotated datasets are widely used nowadays, however, large-scale annotations often show biases in low-quality datasets. For example, Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) datasets with one single correct option is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zipeng Ling , Shuliang Liu , Yuehao Tang , Chen Huang , Gaoyang Jiang , Shenghong Fu , Junqi Yang , Yao Wan , Jiawan Zhang , Kejia Huang , Xuming Hu

Generative large language models (LLMs) can be a powerful tool for augmenting text annotation procedures, but their performance varies across annotation tasks due to prompt quality, text data idiosyncrasies, and conceptual difficulty.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Nicholas Pangakis , Samuel Wolken , Neil Fasching

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely used as knowledge backbones of Large Audio Language Models (LALMs), yet how much auditory knowledge they encode through text-only pre-training and how this affects downstream performance remains…

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have drawn significant attention due to their outstanding reasoning capabilities and extensive knowledge repository, positioning them as superior in handling various natural language processing tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Han Cao , Lingwei Wei , Mengyang Chen , Wei Zhou , Songlin Hu

Many existing approaches for learning from labeled data assume the existence of gold-standard labels. According to these approaches, inter-annotator disagreement is seen as noise to be removed, either through refinement of annotation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Jake Vasilakes , Chrysoula Zerva , Sophia Ananiadou

Large language models (LLMs) have the potential to revolutionize computational social science, particularly in automated textual analysis. In this paper, we conduct a systematic evaluation of the promises and risks associated with using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Hao Lin , Yongjun Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have recently been applied to forecasting tasks, with some works claiming these systems match or exceed human performance. In this paper, we argue that, as a community, we should be careful about such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Daniel Paleka , Shashwat Goel , Jonas Geiping , Florian Tramèr

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently been successfully applied to regression tasks -- such as time series forecasting and tabular prediction -- by leveraging their in-context learning abilities. However, their autoregressive decoding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Julianna Piskorz , Katarzyna Kobalczyk , Mihaela van der Schaar

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed to automatically label and analyze educational dialogue at scale, yet current pipelines lack reliable ways to detect when models are wrong. We investigate whether reasoning generated by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Bakhtawar Ahtisham , Kirk Vanacore , Zhuqian Zhou , Jinsook Lee , Rene F. Kizilcec

Vocabulary tests, once a cornerstone of language modeling evaluation, have been largely overlooked in the current landscape of Large Language Models (LLMs) like Llama, Mistral, and GPT. While most LLM evaluation benchmarks focus on specific…

Probing experiments investigate the extent to which neural representations make properties -- like part-of-speech -- predictable. One suggests that a representation encodes a property if probing that representation produces higher accuracy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-21 John Hewitt , Kawin Ethayarajh , Percy Liang , Christopher D. Manning

Recent work exploring the capabilities of pre-trained large language models (LLMs) has demonstrated their ability to act as general pattern machines by completing complex token sequences representing a wide array of tasks, including…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Seyed Parsa Neshaei , Richard Lee Davis , Adam Hazimeh , Bojan Lazarevski , Pierre Dillenbourg , Tanja Käser

Large language models (LLMs) often produce errors, including factual inaccuracies, biases, and reasoning failures, collectively referred to as "hallucinations". Recent studies have demonstrated that LLMs' internal states encode information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Hadas Orgad , Michael Toker , Zorik Gekhman , Roi Reichart , Idan Szpektor , Hadas Kotek , Yonatan Belinkov

Pre-trained language models (LMs) are used for knowledge intensive tasks like question answering, but their knowledge gets continuously outdated as the world changes. Prior work has studied targeted updates to LMs, injecting individual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Yasumasa Onoe , Michael J. Q. Zhang , Shankar Padmanabhan , Greg Durrett , Eunsol Choi

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit positional bias, struggling to utilize information from the middle or end of long contexts. Our study explores LLMs' long-context reasoning by probing their hidden representations. We find that while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Taiming Lu , Muhan Gao , Kuai Yu , Adam Byerly , Daniel Khashabi