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This is a chapter of the planned monograph "Out of Nowhere: The Emergence of Spacetime in Quantum Theories of Gravity", co-authored by Nick Huggett and Christian W\"uthrich and under contract with Oxford University Press. (More information…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2021-01-19 Nick Huggett , Christian Wuthrich

One possible interpretation of the holographic principle is the equality of the number of degrees of freedom in a bulk region of space and the number of degrees of freedom on the boundary surface. It is known that such an equality is…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2012-06-22 T. Padmanabhan

In any physical theory that admits true indeterminism, the thermodynamic arrow of time can arise regardless of the system's initial conditions. Hence on such theories time's arrow emerges out of the basic physical interactions. The example…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Shahar Dolev , Avshalom C. Elitzur , Meir Hemmo

In this paper, we further develop a recently proposed theory of time based on wavefunction collapse in general relativity. It is based on the postulations that quantum states, which violate the momentum and Hamiltonian constraints,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-23 Sung-Sik Lee

Quantum gravity, the initial low entropy state of the Universe, and the problem of time are interlocking puzzles. In this article, we address the origin of the arrow of time from a cosmological perspective motivated by a novel approach to…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-04 Vishnu Jejjala , Michael Kavic , Djordje Minic , Chia-Hsiung Tze

This is a chapter of the planned monograph "Out of Nowhere: The Emergence of Spacetime in Quantum Theories of Gravity", co-authored by Nick Huggett and Christian W\"uthrich and under contract with Oxford University Press. (More information…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2020-09-08 Christian Wüthrich , Nick Huggett

Intrigued by the holographic principle, Padmanabhan recently proposed a novel idea, saying that our cosmic space is emergent as cosmic time progresses. In particular, the expansion rate of the Universe is related to the difference between…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2013-09-12 Yi Ling , Wen-Jian Pan

Holography has provided valuable insights into the time evolution of strongly coupled gauge theories in a fixed spacetime. However, this framework is insufficient if this spacetime is dynamical. We present a scheme to evolve a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-03-30 Christian Ecker , Wilke van der Schee , David Mateos , Jorge Casalderrey-Solana

We review recent developments in the use of von Neumann algebras to analyze the entanglement structure of quantum gravity and the emergence of spacetime in the semi-classical limit. Von Neumann algebras provide a natural framework for…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-10-09 Hong Liu

We use a result of Hawking and Gilkey to define a Euclidean path integral of gravity and matter which has the special property of being independent of the choice of basis in the space of fields. This property allows the path integral to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-08-04 Marcus Reitz , Barbara Šoda , Achim Kempf

Our observed Universe has a very strong arrow of time rooted in its low entropy starting point. This low entropy start can be related to various "tuning puzzles" about the early state of the Universe. Here we explore the relationship…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-12-28 Andreas Albrecht , Rose Baunach , Andrew Arrasmith

Research in quantum gravity strongly suggests that our world in not fundamentally spatiotemporal, but that spacetime may only emerge in some sense from a non-spatiotemporal structure, as this paper illustrates in the case of causal set…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2018-04-09 Christian Wuthrich

This (withdrawn) creative essay intended to consider the appearance of time's arrow in a fully symmetric universe compatible with "pilot wave" or transactional interpretations (D. Bohm or J.G. Kramer, respectively). The (unstated)…

Popular Physics · Physics 2015-03-31 Ryan S. Westafer

Among the various attempts to formulate a theory of quantum gravity, a class of approaches suggests that spacetime, as modeled by general relativity, is destined to fade away. A major issue becomes then to identify which structures may…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2024-04-18 Emilia Margoni , Daniele Oriti

It has been shown that Friedmann equation of FRW universe can be derived from the idea which says cosmic space is emergent as cosmic time progresses and our universe is expanding towards the state with the holographic equipartition by…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-15 Fei-Quan Tu , Yi-Xin Chen

Matrix theories exhibit the phenomenon of spacetime emergence in certain regimes of their dynamics. In this work, I posit that the key to this emergence is a hierarchy between two timescales -- very slow modes that an observer measures plus…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-12-30 Vatche Sahakian

Arrows of time - thermodynamical, cosmological, electromagnetic, quantum mechanical, psychological - are basic properties of Nature. For a quantum system-bath closed system the de-correlated initial conditions and no-memory (Markovian)…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2017-03-22 V. G. Gurzadyan , S. Sargsyan , G. Yegorian

A clear explanation is given on how the causal, psychological, and electrodynamic time arrows emerge from the thermodynamic time arrow.

Classical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 H. Nikolic

A scenario of space-time emergence from individual interactions at the quantum level requires correlations encoding a scalar product, for large-scale emergence of space orientation. In D=4 the candidate is spin 1/2 correlations, indicating…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-10-26 Anna Karlsson

A new noncommutative spacetime of structure $ {\cal M}^4 \times Z_2 \times Z_2$ is proposed. The generalized Hilbert-Einstein action contains gravity, all known interactions and Higgs field. This theory can also provide a unified geometric…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-10-07 Viet Ai Nguyen