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Synthetic data becomes crucial for large language model training, but its effectiveness is highly inconsistent. We provide an information-theoretic account of this inconsistency: synthetic data improves a model only when the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Hanyu Li , Zhengqi Sun , Xiaotie Deng

Programming by example is the problem of synthesizing a program from a small set of input / output pairs. Recent works applying machine learning methods to this task show promise, but are typically reliant on generating synthetic examples…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Judith Clymo , Haik Manukian , Nathanaël Fijalkow , Adrià Gascón , Brooks Paige

Natural Language Processing (NLP) has undergone transformative changes with the advent of deep learning methodologies. One challenge persistently confronting researchers is the scarcity of high-quality, annotated datasets that drive these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Sia Gholami , Marwan Omar

Synthetic data is a standard component in training large language models, yet systematic comparisons across design dimensions, including rephrasing strategy, generator model, and source data, remain absent. We conduct extensive controlled…

A common approach to synthetic data is to sample from a fitted model. We show that under general assumptions, this approach results in a sample with inefficient estimators and whose joint distribution is inconsistent with the true…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-18 Jordan Awan , Zhanrui Cai

Dataset distillation is the task of synthesizing a small dataset such that a model trained on the synthetic set will match the test accuracy of the model trained on the full dataset. In this paper, we propose a new formulation that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-23 George Cazenavette , Tongzhou Wang , Antonio Torralba , Alexei A. Efros , Jun-Yan Zhu

Evaluating the performance of machine learning models on diverse and underrepresented subgroups is essential for ensuring fairness and reliability in real-world applications. However, accurately assessing model performance becomes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Boris van Breugel , Nabeel Seedat , Fergus Imrie , Mihaela van der Schaar

Training on model-generated synthetic data is a promising approach for finetuning LLMs, but it remains unclear when it helps or hurts. In this paper, we investigate this question for math reasoning via an empirical study, followed by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Amrith Setlur , Saurabh Garg , Xinyang Geng , Naman Garg , Virginia Smith , Aviral Kumar

Due to the lack of parallel data in current Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) task, models based on Sequence to Sequence framework cannot be adequately trained to obtain higher performance. We propose two data synthesis methods which can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Liner Yang , Chencheng Wang , Yun Chen , Yongping Du , Erhong Yang

Synthetic data generation has become an increasingly popular way of training models without the need for large, manually labeled datasets. For tasks like text embedding, synthetic data offers diverse and scalable training examples,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Haonan Chen , Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Yutao Zhu , Ziliang Zhao , Furu Wei , Zhicheng Dou

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely adopted for synthetic data generation, significantly reducing annotation costs. However, most existing studies treat synthesis as a set of isolated tasks and overlook a more fundamental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Zhenlin Hu , Yan Wang , Zhen Bi , Zihao Xue , Bingyu Zhu , Longtao Huang , Xiongtao Zhang , Zeyu Yang , Zhixuan Chu , Jungang Lou

As model finetuning is central to the modern NLP, we set to maximize its efficiency. Motivated by redundancy in training examples and the sheer sizes of pretrained models, we exploit a key opportunity: training only on important data. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Xu Ouyang , Shahina Mohd Azam Ansari , Felix Xiaozhu Lin , Yangfeng Ji

Training models on synthetic data has emerged as an increasingly important strategy for improving the performance of generative AI. This approach is particularly helpful for large multimodal models (LMMs) due to the relative scarcity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Gabriela Ben Melech Stan , Estelle Aflalo , Avinash Madasu , Vasudev Lal , Phillip Howard

High-quality instruction-tuning data is crucial for developing Large Language Models (LLMs) that can effectively navigate real-world tasks and follow human instructions. While synthetic data generation offers a scalable approach for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Shuhaib Mehri , Xiusi Chen , Heng Ji , Dilek Hakkani-Tür

Synthetically-generated data plays an increasingly larger role in training large language models. However, while synthetic data has been found to be useful, studies have also shown that without proper curation it can cause LLM performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Kareem Amin , Sara Babakniya , Alex Bie , Weiwei Kong , Umar Syed , Sergei Vassilvitskii

Large language models (LLMs) have great potential for synthetic data generation. This work shows that useful data can be synthetically generated even for tasks that cannot be solved directly by LLMs: for problems with structured outputs, it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Martin Josifoski , Marija Sakota , Maxime Peyrard , Robert West

Imbalanced data, where the positive samples represent only a small proportion compared to the negative samples, makes it challenging for classification problems to balance the false positive and false negative rates. A common approach to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-17 Pengfei Lyu , Zhengchi Ma , Linjun Zhang , Anru R. Zhang

Although humans engaged in face-to-face conversation simultaneously communicate both verbally and non-verbally, methods for joint and unified synthesis of speech audio and co-speech 3D gesture motion from text are a new and emerging field.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Shivam Mehta , Anna Deichler , Jim O'Regan , Birger Moëll , Jonas Beskow , Gustav Eje Henter , Simon Alexanderson

Differentially private training algorithms like DP-SGD protect sensitive training data by ensuring that trained models do not reveal private information. An alternative approach, which this paper studies, is to use a sensitive dataset to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Alexey Kurakin , Natalia Ponomareva , Umar Syed , Liam MacDermed , Andreas Terzis

Simulation is increasingly being used for generating large labelled datasets in many machine learning problems. Recent methods have focused on adjusting simulator parameters with the goal of maximising accuracy on a validation task, usually…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-20 Harkirat Singh Behl , Atılım Güneş Baydin , Ran Gal , Philip H. S. Torr , Vibhav Vineet