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Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models (LLMs), which incorporate the non-parametric knowledge from external knowledge bases into LLMs, have emerged as a promising approach to enhancing response accuracy in several tasks, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Soyeong Jeong , Jinheon Baek , Sukmin Cho , Sung Ju Hwang , Jong C. Park

Large-scale visual language models are widely used as pre-trained models and then adapted for various downstream tasks. While humans are known to efficiently learn new tasks from a few examples, deep learning models struggle with adaptation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Chuhan Zhang , Antoine Miech , Jiajun Shen , Jean-Baptiste Alayrac , Pauline Luc

Transformer-based pretrained language models (PLMs) offer unmatched performance across the majority of natural language understanding (NLU) tasks, including a body of question answering (QA) tasks. We hypothesize that improvements in QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Gabor Fuisz , Ivan Vulić , Samuel Gibbons , Inigo Casanueva , Paweł Budzianowski

Spoken language understanding (SLU) tasks involve diverse skills that probe the information extraction, classification and/or generation capabilities of models. In this setting, task-specific training data may not always be available. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Neeraj Agrawal , Sriram Ganapathy

Customer-service question answering (QA) systems increasingly rely on conversational language understanding. While Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance, their high computational cost and deployment constraints limit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Lakshan Cooray , Deshan Sumanathilaka , Pattigadapa Venkatesh Raju

Learning to adapt pretrained language models to unlabeled, out-of-distribution data is a critical challenge, as models often falter on structurally novel reasoning tasks even while excelling within their training distribution. We introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Mohammad Mahdi Moradi , Hossam Amer , Sudhir Mudur , Weiwei Zhang , Yang Liu , Walid Ahmed

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in specialized domains such as finance, medicine, and agriculture, where they face significant distribution shifts from their training data. Domain-specific fine-tuning can mitigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yijie Xu , Huizai Yao , Zhiyu Guo , Pengteng Li , Aiwei Liu , Xuming Hu , Weiyu Guo , Hui Xiong

Large language models (LLMs) are typically deployed with fixed parameters, and their performance is often improved by allocating more computation at inference time. While such test-time scaling can be effective, it cannot correct model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Chaehee Song , Minseok Seo , Yeeun Seong , Doyi Kim , Changick Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable ability to process information across various languages. Despite their capabilities, they exhibit inconsistencies in handling identical queries in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Yue Huang , Chenrui Fan , Yuan Li , Siyuan Wu , Tianyi Zhou , Xiangliang Zhang , Lichao Sun

A distinction is often drawn between a model's ability to predict a label for an evaluation sample that is directly memorised from highly similar training samples versus an ability to predict the label via some method of generalisation. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Tim Hartill , Joshua Bensemann , Michael Witbrock , Patricia J. Riddle

Language Models (LMs) can perform new tasks by adapting to a few in-context examples. For humans, explanations that connect examples to task principles can improve learning. We therefore investigate whether explanations of few-shot examples…

Large language models (LLMs) have recently gained significant attention due to their unparalleled ability to perform various natural language processing tasks. These models, benefiting from their advanced natural language understanding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Jonas Wallat , Adam Jatowt , Avishek Anand

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved strong performance on general visual benchmarks but struggle with out-of-distribution (OOD) tasks in specialized domains such as medical imaging, where labeled data is limited and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Ci-Siang Lin , Min-Hung Chen , Yu-Yang Sheng , Yu-Chiang Frank Wang

Spoken Language Models (SLMs) are increasingly central to modern speech-driven applications, but performance degrades under acoustic shift - real-world noise, reverberation, and microphone variation. Prior solutions rely on offline domain…

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive results while requiring little or no direct supervision. Further, there is mounting evidence that LLMs may have potential in information-seeking scenarios. We believe the ability of an LLM…

Fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs) for downstream tasks, performed on domain-specific data has shown significant promise. However, commercial use of such LLMs is limited by the high computational cost required for their deployment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Boris Nazarov , Darya Frolova , Yackov Lubarsky , Alexei Gaissinski , Pavel Kisilev

Large language models (LLMs) show an innate skill for solving language based tasks. But insights have suggested an inability to adjust for information or task-solving skills becoming outdated, as their knowledge, stored directly within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Jerry Huang , Prasanna Parthasarathi , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh , Sarath Chandar

One fascinating aspect of pre-trained Audio-Language Models (ALMs) learning is their impressive zero-shot generalization capability and test-time adaptation (TTA) methods aiming to improve domain performance without annotations. However,…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Gongyu Chen , Haomin Zhang , Chaofan Ding , Zihao Chen , Xinhan Di

The applicability of Large Language Models (LLMs) in temporal reasoning tasks over data that is not present during training is still a field that remains to be explored. In this paper we work on this topic, focusing on structured and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Alfredo Garrachón Ruiz , Tomás de la Rosa , Daniel Borrajo

Finetuning a large vision language model (VLM) on a target dataset after large scale pretraining is a dominant paradigm in visual question answering (VQA). Datasets for specialized tasks such as knowledge-based VQA or VQA in non…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Zaid Khan , Vijay Kumar BG , Samuel Schulter , Xiang Yu , Yun Fu , Manmohan Chandraker