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This article proposes an offline Energy Management System (EMS) for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). Dividing the torque between the Electric Motor (EM) and the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) requires a suitable EMS. Batteries…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-28 Arash Mousaei

Model predictive control (MPC)-based energy management systems (EMS) are essential for ensuring optimal, secure, and stable operation in microgrids with high penetrations of distributed energy resources. However, due to the high…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-08 Hanyang He , John Harlim , Daning Huang , Yan Li

The hybridization process has recently touched also the world of agricultural vehicles. Within this context, we develop an Energy Management Strategy (EMS) aiming at optimizing fuel consumption, while maintaining the battery state of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-30 Stefano Radrizzani , Giulio Panzani , Luca Trezza , Solomon Pizzocaro , Sergio M. Savaresi

Tackling climate change requires the rapid and deep decarbonization of electric power systems. While energy management systems (EMSs) play a central role in this transition, conventional EMSs focus mainly on economic efficiency and often…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-10 Young-ho Cho , Mohamad Chehade , Fatima Al-Janahi , Sol Lim , Javad Mohammadi , Hao Zhu

This paper presents an original energy management methodology to enhance the resilience of ship power systems. The integration of various energy storage systems (ESS), including battery energy storage systems (BESS) and super-capacitor…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-05 Linh Vu , Thai-Thanh Nguyen , Bang Le-Huy Nguyen , Md Isfakul Anam , Tuyen Vu

In this paper, a model predictive mixed integer control method for BYD Qin Plus DM-i (Dual Model intelligent) plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is proposed for co-optimization to reduce fuel consumption during car following. First, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-25 Qitao Li , Changfu Gong , Yuan Lin

Integrated energy systems (IESs), in which various energy flows are interconnected and coordinated to release potential flexibility for more efficient and secure operation, have drawn increasing attention in recent years. In this article,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-21 Binbin Chen , Qinglai Guo , Guanxiong Yin , Bin Wang , Zhaoguang Pan , Yuwei Chen , Wenchuan Wu , Hongbin Sun

This paper presents a data-driven supervisory energy management strategy (EMS) for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles which leverages Vehicle-to-Cloud connectivity to increase energy efficiency by learning control policies from completed…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-09 Yongkeun Choi , Jacopo Guanetti , Scott Moura , Francesco Borrelli

This study presents an integrated energy management strategy for cost optimization in multi-energy community microgrids (MGs). The proposed approach combines storage-based peak shaving, economic dispatch of diesel generators, and efficient…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-12 Moslem Uddin , Huadong Mo , Daoyi Dong

Energy management strategy (EMS) is a key technology for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The energy management of certain series-parallel PHEVs involves the control of continuous variables, such as engine torque, and discrete…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-05 Changfu Gong , Jinming Xu , Yuan Lin

Uncertainties in balancing generation and load in low-carbon industrial microgrids (IMGs) make hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) crucial for their stable and economic operation. Existing model predictive control (MPC) techniques…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Daniyaer Paizulamu , Lin Cheng , Ning Qi , Zhengmao Li , Nikos D. Hatziargyriou

Microgrid (MG) system, which is composed of renewable resources with the utility grid, energy storage unit, electric vehicles, and loads, acts as a single controllable entity. To get efficient and low-cost energy, need to manage power flow…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-15 Airin Rahman , Hafte Hayelom Adhena , Ramy Georgious , Pablo Garcia

A vital strategy for ports to mitigate the environmental impact of the maritime industry, while complying with frameworks such as the European Green Deal and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), entails the systematic implementation of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-02 Youzhe Yang , Hafiz Majid Hussain , Juha Haakana , Pedro Nardelli

Microgrids consisting of multiple distributed energy resources (DERs) provide a promising solution to integrate renewable energies, e.g., solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Hybrid AC/DC microgrids leverage the merits of both AC and DC power…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-02-14 Zhehan Yi , Abdulrahman J. Babqi , Yishen Wang , Di Shi , Amir H. Etemadi , Zhiwei Wang , Bibin Huang

Microgrids are local energy systems that integrate energy production, demand, and storage units. They are generally connected to the regional grid to import electricity when local production and storage do not meet the demand. In this…

Almost climate neutral buildings are one of the core goals in terms of sustainability. Beside the support of the necessary design decisions for an integrated, interoperable, ecological and economical operation of building energy systems,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-17 Armin Wolf

Energy management strategies (EMSs) are the most significant components in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) because they decide the potential of energy conservation and emission reduction. This work presents a transferred EMS for a parallel…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-17 Teng Liu , Xiaolin Tang , Jiaxin Chen , Hong Wang , Wenhao Tan , Yalian Yang

This paper presents mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulations to obtain optimal sizing for a battery energy storage system (BESS) and solar generation system in an extreme fast charging station (XFCS) to reduce the annualized…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-31 Waqas ur Rehman , Rui Bo , Hossein Mehdipourpicha , Jonathan Kimball

Fuel cell electric vehicles have earned substantial attentions in recent decades due to their high-efficiency and zero-emission features, while the high operating costs remain the major barrier towards their large-scale commercialization.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-06 Yang Zhou , Fuzeng Li , Xianfeng Xu , Zhen Zhang , Alexandre Ravey , Marie-Cécile Péra , Ruiqing Ma

Hybrid fast-charging stations with battery storage and local renewable generation can facilitate low-carbon electric vehicle (EV) charging, while reducing the stress on the distribution grid. This paper proposes energy management strategies…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-16 Jan Engelhardt , Jan Martin Zepter , Tatiana Gabderakhmanova , Mattia Marinelli
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