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We show that the Rademacher complexity-based framework can establish non-vacuous generalization bounds for Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in the context of classifying a small set of image classes. A key technical advancement is the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-03 Lan V. Truong

The $k$-dimensional coding schemes refer to a collection of methods that attempt to represent data using a set of representative $k$-dimensional vectors, and include non-negative matrix factorization, dictionary learning, sparse coding,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-04-26 Tongliang Liu , Dacheng Tao , Dong Xu

Large language models based on transformer architectures have become integral to state-of-the-art natural language processing applications. However, their training remains computationally expensive and exhibits instabilities, some of which…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-03-14 Stanislav Budzinskiy , Wenyi Fang , Longbin Zeng , Philipp Petersen

Transformer language models have demonstrated impressive generalization capabilities in natural language domains, yet we lack a fine-grained understanding of how such generalization arises. In this paper, we investigate length…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Ziyang Cai , Nayoung Lee , Avi Schwarzschild , Samet Oymak , Dimitris Papailiopoulos

In transfer learning, the learner leverages auxiliary data to improve generalization on a main task. However, the precise theoretical understanding of when and how auxiliary data help remains incomplete. We provide new insights on this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Meitong Liu , Christopher Jung , Rui Li , Xue Feng , Han Zhao

Existing Rademacher complexity bounds for neural networks rely only on norm control of the weight matrices and depend exponentially on depth via a product of the matrix norms. Lower bounds show that this exponential dependence on depth is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-13 Colin Wei , Tengyu Ma

In recent times machine learning methods have made significant advances in becoming a useful tool for analyzing physical systems. A particularly active area in this theme has been "physics-informed machine learning" which focuses on using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Pulkit Gopalani , Sayar Karmakar , Dibyakanti Kumar , Anirbit Mukherjee

We show how to control the generalization error of time series models wherein past values of the outcome are used to predict future values. The results are based on a generalization of standard i.i.d. concentration inequalities to dependent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-05-24 Daniel J. McDonald , Cosma Rohilla Shalizi

Natural language exhibits patterns of hierarchically governed dependencies, in which relations between words are sensitive to syntactic structure rather than linear ordering. While re-current network models often fail to generalize in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Jackson Petty , Robert Frank

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved breakthrough performances in a wide range of applications including image classification, semantic segmentation, and object detection. Previous research on characterizing the generalization…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-04 Shan Lin , Jingwei Zhang

Transformer-based sequence-to-sequence architectures, while achieving state-of-the-art results on a large number of NLP tasks, can still suffer from overfitting during training. In practice, this is usually countered either by applying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Dušan Variš , Ondřej Bojar

Characterizing the express power of the Transformer architecture is critical to understanding its capacity limits and scaling law. Recent works provide the circuit complexity bounds to Transformer-like architecture. On the other hand,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Bo Chen , Xiaoyu Li , Yingyu Liang , Jiangxuan Long , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song

We explore the approximation capabilities of Transformer networks for H\"older and Sobolev functions, and apply these results to address nonparametric regression estimation with dependent observations. First, we establish novel upper bounds…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-17 Yuling Jiao , Yanming Lai , Defeng Sun , Yang Wang , Bokai Yan

In this paper we introduce and analyze the learning scenario of \emph{coupled nonlinear dimensionality reduction}, which combines two major steps of machine learning pipeline: projection onto a manifold and subsequent supervised learning.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-11-26 Mehryar Mohri , Afshin Rostamizadeh , Dmitry Storcheus

In this paper, we establish generalization bounds for transductive learning algorithms in the context of information theory and PAC-Bayes, covering both the random sampling and the random splitting setting. First, we show that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Huayi Tang , Yong Liu

Generalizing to longer sentences is important for recent Transformer-based language models. Besides algorithms manipulating explicit position features, the success of Transformers without position encodings (NoPE) provides a new way to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Jie Wang , Tao Ji , Yuanbin Wu , Hang Yan , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang , Xiaoling Wang

We find limits to the Transformer architecture for language modeling and show it has a universal prediction property in an information-theoretic sense. We further analyze performance in non-asymptotic data regimes to understand the role of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Sourya Basu , Moulik Choraria , Lav R. Varshney

To process novel sentences, language models (LMs) must generalize compositionally -- combine familiar elements in new ways. What aspects of a model's structure promote compositional generalization? Focusing on transformers, we test the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Jackson Petty , Sjoerd van Steenkiste , Ishita Dasgupta , Fei Sha , Dan Garrette , Tal Linzen

Traditional statistical learning theory relies on the assumption that data are identically and independently distributed (i.i.d.). However, this assumption often does not hold in many real-life applications. In this survey, we explore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Rui-Ray Zhang , Massih-Reza Amini

The ability to extrapolate from short problem instances to longer ones is an important form of out-of-distribution generalization in reasoning tasks, and is crucial when learning from datasets where longer problem instances are rare. These…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Cem Anil , Yuhuai Wu , Anders Andreassen , Aitor Lewkowycz , Vedant Misra , Vinay Ramasesh , Ambrose Slone , Guy Gur-Ari , Ethan Dyer , Behnam Neyshabur