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A Language Model is a term that encompasses various types of models designed to understand and generate human communication. Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant attention due to their ability to process text with human-like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Sylvio Barbon Junior , Paolo Ceravolo , Sven Groppe , Mustafa Jarrar , Samira Maghool , Florence Sèdes , Soror Sahri , Maurice Van Keulen

In the field of Artificial (General) Intelligence (AI), the several recent advancements in Natural language processing (NLP) activities relying on Large Language Models (LLMs) have come to encourage the adoption of LLMs as scientific models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Evelina Leivada , Vittoria Dentella , Elliot Murphy

Healthcare systems around the world are grappling with issues like inefficient diagnostics, rising costs, and limited access to specialists. These problems often lead to delays in treatment and poor health outcomes. Most current AI and deep…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Maliha Tabassum , M Shamim Kaiser

Climate change is one of the most significant challenges we face together as a society. Creating awareness and educating policy makers the wide-ranging impact of climate change is an essential step towards a sustainable future. Recently,…

Large Language Model (LLMs) such as ChatGPT that exhibit generative AI capabilities are facing accelerated adoption and innovation. The increased presence of Generative AI (GAI) inevitably raises concerns about the risks and safety…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Jaymari Chua , Yun Li , Shiyi Yang , Chen Wang , Lina Yao

LLM watermarking, which embeds imperceptible yet algorithmically detectable signals in model outputs to identify LLM-generated text, has become crucial in mitigating the potential misuse of large language models. However, the abundance of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Leyi Pan , Aiwei Liu , Zhiwei He , Zitian Gao , Xuandong Zhao , Yijian Lu , Binglin Zhou , Shuliang Liu , Xuming Hu , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Philip S. Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant attention in the software engineering community. Nowadays developers have the possibility to exploit these models through industrial-grade tools providing a handy interface toward LLMs,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Rosalia Tufano , Antonio Mastropaolo , Federica Pepe , Ozren Dabić , Massimiliano Di Penta , Gabriele Bavota

Generative artificial intelligence (AI), and in particular Large Language Models (LLMs), have exploded in popularity and attention since the release to the public of ChatGPT's Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)-3.5 model in November…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Daniel Hopp

The utilization of large language models (LLMs) in the Healthcare domain has generated both excitement and concern due to their ability to effectively respond to freetext queries with certain professional knowledge. This survey outlines the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Kai He , Rui Mao , Qika Lin , Yucheng Ruan , Xiang Lan , Mengling Feng , Erik Cambria

Large language models (LLMs) are beginning to reshape how chemists plan and run reactions in organic synthesis. Trained on millions of reported transformations, these text-based models can propose synthetic routes, forecast reaction…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Kartar Kumar Lohana Tharwani , Rajesh Kumar , Sumita , Numan Ahmed , Yong Tang

We present Apertus, a fully open suite of large language models (LLMs) designed to address two systemic shortcomings in today's open model ecosystem: data compliance and multilingual representation. Unlike many prior models that release…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Project Apertus , Alejandro Hernández-Cano , Alexander Hägele , Allen Hao Huang , Angelika Romanou , Antoni-Joan Solergibert , Barna Pasztor , Bettina Messmer , Dhia Garbaya , Eduard Frank Ďurech , Ido Hakimi , Juan García Giraldo , Mete Ismayilzada , Negar Foroutan , Skander Moalla , Tiancheng Chen , Vinko Sabolčec , Yixuan Xu , Michael Aerni , Badr AlKhamissi , Inés Altemir Mariñas , Mohammad Hossein Amani , Matin Ansaripour , Ilia Badanin , Harold Benoit , Emanuela Boros , Nicholas Browning , Fabian Bösch , Maximilian Böther , Niklas Canova , Camille Challier , Clement Charmillot , Jonathan Coles , Jan Deriu , Arnout Devos , Lukas Drescher , Daniil Dzenhaliou , Maud Ehrmann , Dongyang Fan , Simin Fan , Silin Gao , Miguel Gila , María Grandury , Diba Hashemi , Alexander Hoyle , Jiaming Jiang , Mark Klein , Andrei Kucharavy , Anastasiia Kucherenko , Frederike Lübeck , Roman Machacek , Theofilos Manitaras , Andreas Marfurt , Kyle Matoba , Simon Matrenok , Henrique Mendonça , Fawzi Roberto Mohamed , Syrielle Montariol , Luca Mouchel , Sven Najem-Meyer , Jingwei Ni , Gennaro Oliva , Matteo Pagliardini , Elia Palme , Andrei Panferov , Léo Paoletti , Marco Passerini , Ivan Pavlov , Auguste Poiroux , Kaustubh Ponkshe , Nathan Ranchin , Javi Rando , Mathieu Sauser , Jakhongir Saydaliev , Muhammad Ali Sayfiddinov , Marian Schneider , Stefano Schuppli , Marco Scialanga , Andrei Semenov , Kumar Shridhar , Raghav Singhal , Anna Sotnikova , Alexander Sternfeld , Ayush Kumar Tarun , Paul Teiletche , Jannis Vamvas , Xiaozhe Yao , Hao Zhao , Alexander Ilic , Ana Klimovic , Andreas Krause , Caglar Gulcehre , David Rosenthal , Elliott Ash , Florian Tramèr , Joost VandeVondele , Livio Veraldi , Martin Rajman , Thomas Schulthess , Torsten Hoefler , Antoine Bosselut , Martin Jaggi , Imanol Schlag

Large Language Models (LLMs) are catalyzing a paradigm shift in scientific discovery, evolving from task-specific automation tools into increasingly autonomous agents and fundamentally redefining research processes and human-AI…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Tianshi Zheng , Zheye Deng , Hong Ting Tsang , Weiqi Wang , Jiaxin Bai , Zihao Wang , Yangqiu Song

Climate change poses an urgent global threat, needing the rapid identification and deployment of innovative solutions. We hypothesise that many of these solutions already exist within scientific literature but remain underutilised. To…

The burgeoning field of Large Language Models (LLMs), exemplified by sophisticated models like OpenAI's ChatGPT, represents a significant advancement in artificial intelligence. These models, however, bring forth substantial challenges in…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming ubiquitous to create intelligent virtual assistants that assist users in interacting with a system, as exemplified in marketing. Although LLMs have been discussed in Modeling & Simulation (M&S), the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Philippe J. Giabbanelli , Jose J. Padilla , Ameeta Agrawal

Large language models (LLMs) represent a major advance in artificial intelligence (AI) research. However, the widespread use of LLMs is also coupled with significant ethical and social challenges. Previous research has pointed towards…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Jakob Mökander , Jonas Schuett , Hannah Rose Kirk , Luciano Floridi

The impressive essay writing and problem-solving capabilities of large language models (LLMs) like OpenAI's ChatGPT have opened up new avenues in education. Our goal is to gain insights into the widespread use of LLMs among secondary…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Tiffany Zhu , Kexun Zhang , William Yang Wang

The widely adopted and powerful generative large language models (LLMs) have raised concerns about intellectual property rights violations and the spread of machine-generated misinformation. Watermarking serves as a promising approch to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar

Artificial intelligence (AI) has gained significant attention in healthcare consultation due to its potential to improve clinical workflow and enhance medical communication. However, owing to the complex nature of medical information, large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Xiaolan Chen , Ziwei Zhao , Weiyi Zhang , Pusheng Xu , Le Gao , Mingpu Xu , Yue Wu , Yinwen Li , Danli Shi , Mingguang He
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