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The surface code is one of the most successful approaches to topological quantum error-correction. It boasts the smallest known syndrome extraction circuits and correspondingly largest thresholds. Defect-based logical encodings of a new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-26 Theodore J. Yoder , Isaac H. Kim

Surface codes are promising for practical quantum error correction due to their high threshold and experimental feasibility. However, their performance under realistic noise conditions, particularly those involving correlated errors,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-19 SiYing Wang , Yue Yan , ZhiXin Xia , Xiang-Bin Wang

Quantum error correction will be a necessary component towards realizing scalable quantum computers with physical qubits. Theoretically, it is possible to perform arbitrarily long computations if the error rate is below a threshold value.…

The network paradigm for quantum computing involves interconnecting many modules to form a scalable machine. Typically it is assumed that the links between modules are prone to noise while operations within modules have significantly higher…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-05 Ying Li , Simon C. Benjamin

In the rotated surface code, hook errors (errors on auxiliary qubits midway through syndrome extraction that propagate to correlated two-qubit data errors) can reduce the circuit-level code distance by a factor of two if the extraction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Gilad Kishony , Austin Fowler

Recently, usage of detecting regions facilitated the discovery of new circuits for fault-tolerantly implementing the surface code. Building on these ideas, we present LUCI, a framework for constructing fault-tolerant circuits flexible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Dripto M. Debroy , Matt McEwen , Craig Gidney , Noah Shutty , Adam Zalcman

The field of quantum computation currently lacks a formal proof of experimental feasibility. Qubits are fragile and sophisticated quantum error correction is required to achieve reliable quantum computation. The surface code is a promising…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-12-04 Austin G. Fowler

Surface codes are quantum error correcting codes normally defined on 2D arrays of qubits. In this paper, we introduce a surface code design based on the fact that the severity of bit flip and phase flip errors in the physical quantum…

As current experiments already realize small quantum circuits on error corrected qubits, it is important to fully understand the effect of physical errors on the logical error channels of these fault-tolerant circuits. Here, we investigate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-15 Bálint Domokos , Áron Márton , János K. Asbóth

Surface codes are generally studied based on the assumption that each of the qubits that make up the surface code lattice suffers noise that is independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). However, real benchmarks of the individual…

Performing large calculations with a quantum computer will likely require a fault-tolerant architecture based on quantum error-correcting codes. The challenge is to design practical quantum error-correcting codes that perform well against…

The construction of topological error correction codes requires the ability to fabricate a lattice of physical qubits embedded on a manifold with a non-trivial topology such that the quantum information is encoded in the global degrees of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-18 James M. Auger , Hussain Anwar , Mercedes Gimeno-Segovia , Thomas M. Stace , Dan E. Browne

In this paper, I cut the cost of Y basis measurement and initialization in the surface code by nearly an order of magnitude. Fusing twist defects diagonally across the surface code patch reaches the Y basis in $\lfloor d/2 \rfloor + 2$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-10 Craig Gidney

We realize Surface Code quantum memories for nearest-neighbor qubits with always-on Ising interactions. This is done by utilizing multi-qubit gates that mimic the functionality of several gates. The previously proposed Surface Code memories…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-22 Sahar Daraeizadeh , Sarah Mostame , Preethika Kumar Eslami , Marek Perkowski , Xiaoyu Song

A common approach to studying the performance of quantum error correcting codes is to assume independent and identically distributed single-qubit errors. However, the available experimental data shows that realistic errors in modern…

Syndrome extraction in the planar color code is complicated by high weight stabilizers and hook errors that can reduce the circuit-level distance. With a single auxiliary qubit per plaquette, any spatially uniform circuit halves the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-01 Gilad Kishony , Austin Fowler

We estimate optimal thresholds for surface code in the presence of loss via an analytical method developed in statistical physics. The optimal threshold for the surface code is closely related to a special critical point in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-04 Masayuki Ohzeki

We consider an approach to fault tolerant quantum computing based on a simple error detecting code operating as the substrate for a conventional surface code. We develop a customised decoder to process the information about the likely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-11 Xiaosi Xu , Qi Zhao , Xiao Yuan , Simon C. Benjamin

We propose a family of surface codes with general lattice structures, where the error-tolerances against bit and phase errors can be controlled asymmetrically by changing the underlying lattice geometries. The surface codes on various…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-04 Keisuke Fujii , Yuuki Tokunaga

We present a fault-tolerant mapping of rotated surface codes onto a $2\times N$ silicon spin-qubit railway architecture, utilizing electron shuttling to resolve the wiring fan-out bottleneck. Employing circuit-level noise modeling, we…