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Recent advances in large-scale language models (Raffel et al., 2019; Brown et al., 2020) have brought significant qualitative and quantitative improvements in machine-driven text generation. Despite this, generation and evaluation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Shahbuland Matiana , JR Smith , Ryan Teehan , Louis Castricato , Stella Biderman , Leo Gao , Spencer Frazier

Cross-lingual image captioning, with its ability to caption an unlabeled image in a target language other than English, is an emerging topic in the multimedia field. In order to save the precious human resource from re-writing reference…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-10 Aozhu Chen , Xinyi Huang , Hailan Lin , Xirong Li

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated judges to evaluate recommendation systems, search engines, and other subjective tasks, where relying on human evaluators can be costly, time-consuming, and unscalable. LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Gerrit J. J. van den Burg , Gen Suzuki , Wei Liu , Murat Sensoy

CLIP is a seminal multimodal model that maps images and text into a shared representation space through contrastive learning on billions of image-caption pairs. Inspired by the rapid progress of large language models (LLMs), we investigate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Weiquan Huang , Aoqi Wu , Yifan Yang , Xufang Luo , Yuqing Yang , Usman Naseem , Chunyu Wang , Chunyu Wang , Qi Dai , Xiyang Dai , Dongdong Chen , Chong Luo , Lili Qiu , Liang Hu

While Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) have advanced audio captioning, robust evaluation remains difficult. Reference-based metrics are expensive and often fail to assess acoustic fidelity, while Contrastive Language-Audio Pretraining…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Insung Lee , Taeyoung Jeong , Haejun Yoo , Du-Seong Chang , Myoung-Wan Koo

Composed image retrieval (CIR) searches a corpus with a reference image and a text describing how to modify it. Despite rapid progress from triplet-trained compositors to zero-shot and generative methods, essentially all systems share one…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Amsisan Tran , Baogh Le , Tuan Kiet Pham , Sui Yang Guang

Large Vision-Language Models (VLMs) now generate highly detailed, paragraphlength image captions, yet evaluating their factual accuracy remains challenging. Current methods often miss fine-grained errors, being designed for shorter texts or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Brian Gordon , Yonatan Bitton , Andreea Marzoca , Yasumasa Onoe , Xiao Wang , Daniel Cohen-Or , Idan Szpektor

Zero-shot video captioning requires that a model generate high-quality captions without human-annotated video-text pairs for training. State-of-the-art approaches to the problem leverage CLIP to extract visual-relevant textual prompts to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Mingkai Tian , Guorong Li , Yuankai Qi , Amin Beheshti , Javen Qinfeng Shi , Anton van den Hengel , Qingming Huang

Image captioning evaluation metrics can be divided into two categories, reference-based metrics and reference-free metrics. However, reference-based approaches may struggle to evaluate descriptive captions with abundant visual details…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Zequn Zeng , Jianqiao Sun , Hao Zhang , Tiansheng Wen , Yudi Su , Yan Xie , Zhengjue Wang , Bo Chen

Existing machine learning models demonstrate excellent performance in image object recognition after training on a large-scale dataset under full supervision. However, these models only learn to map an image to a predefined class index,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Kai Han , Xiaohu Huang , Yandong Li , Sagar Vaze , Jie Li , Xuhui Jia

Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP) achieves strong generalization in vision-language tasks by aligning images and texts in a shared embedding space. However, recent findings show that CLIP-like models still underutilize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Weiheng Zhao , Zilong Huang , Jiashi Feng , Xinggang Wang

It has recently been discovered that using a pre-trained vision-language model (VLM), e.g., CLIP, to align a whole query image with several finer text descriptions generated by a large language model can significantly enhance zero-shot…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jinhao Li , Haopeng Li , Sarah Erfani , Lei Feng , James Bailey , Feng Liu

Caption quality has emerged as a critical bottleneck in training high-quality text-to-image (T2I) and text-to-video (T2V) generative models. While visual language models (VLMs) are commonly deployed to generate captions from visual data,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Varun Ananth , Baqiao Liu , Haoran Cai

Zero-Shot Composed Image Retrieval (ZS-CIR) aims to retrieve target images by integrating information from a composed query (reference image and modification text) without training samples. Existing methods primarily combine caption models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Zelong Sun , Dong Jing , Zhiwu Lu

Quantifying the degree of similarity between images is a key copyright issue for image-based machine learning. In legal doctrine however, determining the degree of similarity between works requires subjective analysis, and fact-finders…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Alessandro Achille , Greg Ver Steeg , Tian Yu Liu , Matthew Trager , Carson Klingenberg , Stefano Soatto

Image clustering is an important and open-challenging task in computer vision. Although many methods have been proposed to solve the image clustering task, they only explore images and uncover clusters according to the image features, thus…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Shaotian Cai , Liping Qiu , Xiaojun Chen , Qin Zhang , Longteng Chen

Classifying scanned documents is a challenging problem that involves image, layout, and text analysis for document understanding. Nevertheless, for certain benchmark datasets, notably RVL-CDIP, the state of the art is closing in to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Anna Scius-Bertrand , Michael Jungo , Lars Vögtlin , Jean-Marc Spat , Andreas Fischer

Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP) has demonstrated great zero-shot performance for matching images and text. However, it is still challenging to adapt vision-lanaguage pretrained models like CLIP to compositional image and text…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Kenan Jiang , Xuehai He , Ruize Xu , Xin Eric Wang

Cross-Domain Image Retrieval (CDIR) is a challenging task in computer vision, aiming to match images across different visual domains such as sketches, paintings, and photographs. Existing CDIR methods rely either on supervised learning with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Lucas Iijima , Nikolaos Giakoumoglou , Tania Stathaki

Image Captioning for state-of-the-art VLMs has significantly improved over time; however, this comes at the cost of increased computational complexity, making them less accessible for resource-constrained applications such as mobile devices…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Sania Waheed , Na Min An