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While large language models demonstrate remarkable capabilities at task-specific applications through fine-tuning, extending these benefits across diverse languages is essential for broad accessibility. However, effective cross-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Danni Liu , Jan Niehues

State-of-the-art contextual embeddings are obtained from large language models available only for a few languages. For others, we need to learn representations using a multilingual model. There is an ongoing debate on whether multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Tomasz Limisiewicz , David Mareček

Large Language Models (LLMs) are pretrained on extensive multilingual corpora to acquire both language-specific cultural knowledge and general knowledge. Ideally, while LLMs should provide consistent responses to culture-independent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Yumeng Wang , Zhiyuan Fan , Qingyun Wang , May Fung , Heng Ji

Cross-lingual representations of words enable us to reason about word meaning in multilingual contexts and are a key facilitator of cross-lingual transfer when developing natural language processing models for low-resource languages. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Sebastian Ruder , Ivan Vulić , Anders Søgaard

A model's capacity to generalize its knowledge to interpret unseen inputs with different characteristics is crucial to build robust and reliable machine learning systems. Language model evaluation tasks lack information metrics about model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Saksham Bassi , Duygu Ataman , Kyunghyun Cho

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities across tasks such as mathematics, coding, and reasoning, yet their learning ability, which is crucial for adapting to dynamic environments and acquiring new knowledge, remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Zhengyu Hu , Jianxun Lian , Zheyuan Xiao , Seraphina Zhang , Tianfu Wang , Nicholas Jing Yuan , Xing Xie , Hui Xiong

Cross-lingual transfer learning is an important property of multilingual large language models (LLMs). But how do LLMs represent relationships between languages? Every language model has an input layer that maps tokens to vectors. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Andrea W Wen-Yi , David Mimno

Multilingual language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable abilities to transfer knowledge across languages, despite being trained without explicit cross-lingual supervision. We analyze the parameter spaces of three MLLMs to study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Frederick Riemenschneider , Anette Frank

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in various software engineering tasks, including error detection, clone detection, and code translation, primarily leveraging high-resource programming languages like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Razan Baltaji , Saurabh Pujar , Louis Mandel , Martin Hirzel , Luca Buratti , Lav Varshney

Learning what to share between tasks has been a topic of great importance recently, as strategic sharing of knowledge has been shown to improve downstream task performance. This is particularly important for multilingual applications, as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Farhad Nooralahzadeh , Giannis Bekoulis , Johannes Bjerva , Isabelle Augenstein

Low-resource languages pose a challenge for machine translation with large language models (LLMs), which require large amounts of training data. One potential way to circumvent this data dependence is to rely on LLMs' ability to use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Jackson Petty , Jaulie Goe , Tal Linzen

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable ability in cross-lingual tasks. Understanding how LLMs acquire this ability is crucial for their interpretability. To quantify the cross-lingual ability of LLMs accurately, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Kaiyu He , Tong Zhou , Yubo Chen , Delai Qiu , Shengping Liu , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Cross-lingual consistency should be considered to assess cross-lingual transferability, maintain the factuality of the model knowledge across languages, and preserve the parity of language model performance. We are thus interested in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Xi Ai , Mahardika Krisna Ihsani , Min-Yen Kan

We study the problem of multilingual masked language modeling, i.e. the training of a single model on concatenated text from multiple languages, and present a detailed study of several factors that influence why these models are so…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Shijie Wu , Alexis Conneau , Haoran Li , Luke Zettlemoyer , Veselin Stoyanov

This study introduces a groundbreaking approach to simultaneous interpretation by directly leveraging the predictive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). We present a novel algorithm that generates real-time translations by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Kurando Iida , Kenjiro Mimura , Nobuo Ito

Many data sets (e.g., reviews, forums, news, etc.) exist parallelly in multiple languages. They all cover the same content, but the linguistic differences make it impossible to use traditional, bag-of-word-based topic models. Models have to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Federico Bianchi , Silvia Terragni , Dirk Hovy , Debora Nozza , Elisabetta Fersini

Zero-shot cross-lingual transfer by fine-tuning multilingual pretrained models shows promise for low-resource languages, but often suffers from misalignment of internal representations between languages. We hypothesize that even when the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Ryokan Ri , Shun Kiyono , Sho Takase

Instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising zero-shot generalization capabilities across various downstream tasks. Recent research has introduced multimodal capabilities to LLMs by integrating independently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Utsav Garg , Erhan Bas

Despite their outstanding performance, large language models (LLMs) suffer notorious flaws related to their preference for simple, surface-level textual relations over full semantic complexity of the problem. This proposal investigates a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Michal Štefánik

We investigate how large language models perform on low-resource languages by benchmarking eight LLMs across five experimental conditions in English, Kazakh, and Mongolian. Using 50 hand-crafted questions spanning factual, reasoning,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Abdul-Salem Beibitkhan