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Artificial intelligence systems, which are designed with a capability to learn from the data presented to them, are used throughout society. These systems are used to screen loan applicants, make sentencing recommendations for criminal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-05 Jeremy Straub

This chapter explores the application of Large Language Models in the legal domain, showcasing their potential to optimise and augment traditional legal tasks by analysing possible use cases, such as assisting in interpreting statutes,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Simone Corbo

In populous countries, pending legal cases have been growing exponentially. There is a need for developing techniques for processing and organizing legal documents. In this paper, we introduce a new corpus for structuring legal documents.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Prathamesh Kalamkar , Aman Tiwari , Astha Agarwal , Saurabh Karn , Smita Gupta , Vivek Raghavan , Ashutosh Modi

Improving data quality in unstructured documents is a long-standing challenge. Unstructured data, especially in textual form, inherently lacks defined semantics, which poses significant challenges for effective processing and for ensuring…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Besat Kassaie , Frank Wm. Tompa

Automatic extraction of procedural graphs from documents creates a low-cost way for users to easily understand a complex procedure by skimming visual graphs. Despite the progress in recent studies, it remains unanswered: whether the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Weihong Du , Wenrui Liao , Hongru Liang , Wenqiang Lei

Information extraction (IE) from documents is an intensive area of research with a large set of industrial applications. Current state-of-the-art methods focus on scanned documents with approaches combining computer vision, natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Ismail Oussaid , William Vanhuffel , Pirashanth Ratnamogan , Mhamed Hajaiej , Alexis Mathey , Thomas Gilles

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being integrated into professional domains, yet their limitations in such high-stakes fields as law remain poorly understood. In response, this paper introduces examples of critical challenges to the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Eljas Linna , Tuula Linna

Identity documents automatic reading and verification is an appealing technology for nowadays service industry, since this task is still mostly performed manually, leading to waste of economic and time resources. In this paper the prototype…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Filippo Attivissimo , Nicola Giaquinto , Marco Scarpetta , Maurizio Spadavecchia

Recent advancements in AI technology have seen researchers and industry professionals actively exploring the application of AI tools in legal workflows. Despite this prevailing trend, legal practitioners found that AI tools had limited…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Jiarui Guan , Ruishi Zou , Jiajun Zhang , Kimpan Xin , Bingsu He , Zhuhe Zhang , Chen Ye

Tagging items with descriptive annotations or keywords is a very natural way to compress and highlight information about the properties of the given entity. Over the years several methods have been proposed for extracting a hierarchy…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2014-01-23 Gergely Tibély , Péter Pollner , Tamás Vicsek , Gergely Palla

Extracting information from documents usually relies on natural language processing methods working on one-dimensional sequences of text. In some cases, for example, for the extraction of key information from semi-structured documents, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Oliver Bensch , Mirela Popa , Constantin Spille

Tracking progress in machine learning has become increasingly difficult with the recent explosion in the number of papers. In this paper, we present AxCell, an automatic machine learning pipeline for extracting results from papers. AxCell…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Marcin Kardas , Piotr Czapla , Pontus Stenetorp , Sebastian Ruder , Sebastian Riedel , Ross Taylor , Robert Stojnic

The advent of Large Language Models has revolutionized tasks across domains, including the automation of legal document analysis, a critical component of modern contract management systems. This paper presents a comprehensive implementation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-23 Cuize Han , Sesh Jalagam

Extracting alphanumeric data from form-like documents such as invoices, purchase orders, bills, and financial documents is often performed via vision (OCR) and learning algorithms or monolithic pipelines with limited potential for systemic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Ayesha Amjad , Saurav Sthapit , Tahir Qasim Syed

While humans can extract information from unstructured text with high precision and recall, this is often too time-consuming to be practical. Automated approaches, on the other hand, produce nearly-immediate results, but may not be reliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Bradley Butcher , Miri Zilka , Darren Cook , Jiri Hron , Adrian Weller

We are currently unable to specify human goals and societal values in a way that reliably directs AI behavior. Law-making and legal interpretation form a computational engine that converts opaque human values into legible directives. "Law…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-05-17 John J. Nay

In last decades, legal case search has received more and more attention. Legal practitioners need to work or enhance their efficiency by means of class case search. In the process of searching, legal practitioners often need the search…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Ruizhe Zhang , Qingyao Ai , Yueyue Wu , Yixiao Ma , Yiqun Liu

Extracting information from unstructured text documents is a demanding task, since these documents can have a broad variety of different layouts and a non-trivial reading order, like it is the case for multi-column documents or nested…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Matthias Engelbach , Dennis Klau , Jens Drawehn , Maximilien Kintz

Though many algorithms can be used to automatically summarize legal case decisions, most fail to incorporate domain knowledge about how important sentences in a legal decision relate to a representation of its document structure. For…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Yang Zhong , Diane Litman

Event argument extraction (EAE) aims to identify the arguments of an event and classify the roles that those arguments play. Despite great efforts made in prior work, there remain many challenges: (1) Data scarcity. (2) Capturing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Jie Ma , Shuai Wang , Rishita Anubhai , Miguel Ballesteros , Yaser Al-Onaizan
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