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Speculative decoding accelerates large language model inference by using smaller draft models to generate candidate tokens for parallel verification. However, current approaches are limited by sequential stage dependencies that prevent full…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Bradley McDanel , Sai Qian Zhang , Yunhai Hu , Zining Liu

Autoregressive Language Models instantiate a factorized likelihood over token sequences, yet their strictly sequential decoding process imposes an intrinsic lower bound on inference latency. This bottleneck has emerged as a central obstacle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Maxim Divilkovskiy , Vitaly Malygin , Sergey Zlobin , Stanislav Ilyushin , Sultan Isali , Vasily Kalugin , Nuriza Aitassova , Fei Yi , Weidi Zeng

Speculative Decoding (SD) accelerates inference in large language models by using a smaller draft model to propose tokens, which are then verified by a larger target model. However, the throughput gains of SD are fundamentally limited by a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Sanghyun Byun , Mohanad Odema , Jung Ick Guack , Baisub Lee , Jacob Song , Woo Seong Chung

Large language models typically generate tokens autoregressively, using each token as input for the next. Recent work on Speculative Decoding has sought to accelerate this process by employing a smaller, faster draft model to more quickly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Bradley McDanel

This paper presents "Predictive Pipelined Decoding (PPD)," an approach that speeds up greedy decoding in Large Language Models (LLMs) while maintaining the exact same output as the original decoding. Unlike conventional strategies, PPD…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Seongjun Yang , Gibbeum Lee , Jaewoong Cho , Dimitris Papailiopoulos , Kangwook Lee

Speculative decoding accelerates LLM inference by utilizing otherwise idle computational resources during memory-to-chip data transfer. Current speculative decoding methods typically assume a considerable amount of available computing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Luohe Shi , Zuchao Li , Lefei Zhang , Baoyuan Qi , Guoming Liu , Hai Zhao

Low-latency decoding for large language models (LLMs) is crucial for applications like chatbots and code assistants, yet generating long outputs remains slow in single-query settings. Prior work on speculative decoding (which combines a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Ziyi Zhang , Ziheng Jiang , Chengquan Jiang , Menghan Yu , Size Zheng , Haibin Lin , Henry Hoffmann , Xin Liu

Diffusion-based Large Language Models (dLLMs) have emerged as a competitive alternative to autoregressive models, offering unique advantages through bidirectional attention and parallel generation paradigms. However, the generation results…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yifeng Gao , Ziang Ji , Yuxuan Wang , Biqing Qi , Hanlin Xu , Linfeng Zhang

The growing demand for on-device large language model (LLM) inference highlights the need for efficient mobile edge computing (MEC) solutions, especially in resource-constrained settings. Speculative decoding offers a promising solution by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Jungyeon Koh , Hyun Jong Yang

Speculative decoding is a prominent technique to speed up the inference of a large target language model based on predictions of an auxiliary draft model. While effective, in application-specific settings, it often involves fine-tuning both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Nikhil Bhendawade , Irina Belousova , Qichen Fu , Henry Mason , Mohammad Rastegari , Mahyar Najibi

Speculative decoding (SD), where a draft model provides multiple candidate tokens for the target model to verify in parallel, has demonstrated significant potential for accelerating LLM inference. Yet, existing SD approaches adhere to a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Enyu Zhou , Kai Sheng , Hao Chen , Xin He

The demand for large language model inference is rapidly increasing. Pipeline parallelism offers a cost-effective deployment strategy for distributed inference but suffers from high service latency. While incorporating speculative decoding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Haofei Yin , Mengbai Xiao , Tinghong Li , Xiao Zhang , Dongxiao Yu , Guanghui Zhang

Large language models (LLM) have recently attracted surging interest due to their outstanding capabilities across various domains. However, enabling efficient LLM inference is challenging due to its autoregressive decoding that generates…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Siqi Wang , Hailong Yang , Xuezhu Wang , Tongxuan Liu , Pengbo Wang , Xuning Liang , Kejie Ma , Tianyu Feng , Xin You , Yongjun Bao , Yi Liu , Zhongzhi Luan , Depei Qian

We present a novel inference scheme, self-speculative decoding, for accelerating Large Language Models (LLMs) without the need for an auxiliary model. This approach is characterized by a two-stage process: drafting and verification. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Jun Zhang , Jue Wang , Huan Li , Lidan Shou , Ke Chen , Gang Chen , Sharad Mehrotra

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing by understanding and generating human-like text. However, the increasing demand for more sophisticated LLMs presents significant computational challenges due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Ze Yang , Yihong Jin , Xinhe Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) present a critical trade-off between inference quality and computational cost: larger models offer superior capabilities but incur significant latency, while smaller models are faster but less powerful. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Hang Wu , Jianian Zhu , Yinghui Li , Haojie Wang , Biao Hou , Jidong Zhai

Large language models (LLMs) deliver impressive generation quality, but incur very high inference cost because each output token is generated auto-regressively through all model layers. Early-exit based self-speculative decoding (EESD) has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ruanjun Li , Ziheng Liu , Yuanming Shi , Jiawei Shao , Chi Zhang , Xuelong Li

Deployment of autoregressive large language models (LLMs) is costly, and as these models increase in size, the associated costs will become even more considerable. Consequently, different methods have been proposed to accelerate the token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Parsa Kavehzadeh , Mohammadreza Pourreza , Mojtaba Valipour , Tinashu Zhu , Haoli Bai , Ali Ghodsi , Boxing Chen , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized code generation tasks across various programming languages. However, the unique characteristics of programming languages, particularly those like Verilog with specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Changran Xu , Yi Liu , Yunhao Zhou , Shan Huang , Ningyi Xu , Qiang Xu

Speculative decoding can significantly accelerate LLM inference, especially given that its cloud-edge collaborative deployment offers cloud workload offloading, offline robustness, and privacy enhancement. However, existing collaborative…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yunhe Han , Yunqi Gao , Bing Hu , Mahdi Boloursaz Mashhadi , Yitong Duan , Pei Xiao , Yanfeng Zhang